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| An event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids. |
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| An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history. |
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| Conditioned Aversive Stimuli (sAVE) |
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| An aversive stimulus based on a history of conditioning. |
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As a procedure, punishment involves following an operant with a punisher. Usually, the operant is maintained by positive reinforcement so that punishment is superimposed on a baseline of positive reinforcement.
It also refers to a decrease in operant behavior when followed by a punisher or when reinforcement is withdrawn contingent on responding. |
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| A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it. |
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| A procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response. |
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| A positive punishment procedure that uses "restitution" to reduce or eliminate destructive or aggressive behavior. It may also involve positive practice. |
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| A contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response. |
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| Requires the violator to intensively practice an overly correct form of action. |
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| Timeout from Positive Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A negative punishment procedure in which the wrongdoer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time for engaging in the undesirable behavior. |
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| The Premack principle states that a lower-frequency operant will punish a higher-frequency behavior. |
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| This concerns the arguments and evidence for and against the use of punishment to control self-injurious and aggressive behavior in positive behavioral support programs. |
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| This refers to a debate as to whether punishment by itself, without additional procedures such as extinction or reinforcement of alternative behavior, can permanently eliminate undesirable behavior. |
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| Paradoxical Effects of Punishment |
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Definition
| This refers to the evidence that response-produced shock resembles some of the effects of positive reinforcement (FI scalloping). However, the shocks do not actually function as a positive reinforcement. |
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| When operant behavior increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus. |
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| When the operant increases by preventing the onset of the event or stimulus. |
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A contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed (or prevented) by some response (operant) and the rate of response increases.
Escape and Avoidance both involve negative reinforcement. |
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Definition
| Any event or stimulus that increases the probability (rate of occurrence) of an operant that removes or prevents it. |
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Negative Reinforcement of behavior that terminates, prevents, or postpones the avoidance contingencies of work or life.
We value holidays, leaves of absence, and other periods that temporarily suspend or remove the everyday "shocks" and behavioral requirements that pervade our lives. |
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Term
| Shock-Shock interval (S-S) |
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Definition
| The scheduled time between shocks using an avoidance procedure. It is the time from one shock to the next if the avoidance response does not occur. |
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| Response-Shock Interval (R-S) |
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Definition
| On an avoidance schedules, the time from a response that postpones a shock to the onset of the aversive stimulus, assuming that another response does not occur. |
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Definition
| Avoidance behavior that is emitted to a warning stimulus. |
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| Nondiscriminated Avoidance |
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Definition
| A procedure used to train avoidance responding in which no warning stimulus is presented. |
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| Another name for Nondiscriminated Avoidance |
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| Focus on small moment-to-moment relationships between behavior and its consequences. |
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| Concerned with large-scale factors that regulate responding over a long period of time. |
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Definition
This involves exposing an animal to inescapable and severe aversive stimulation (shocks). Eventually the animal gives up and stops attempting to avoid or escape the situation.
Next, an escape response that under ordinary circumstances would be acquired easily is made available, but the animal does not make the response. The organism seems to give up and become helpless when presented with inescapable aversive stimulation. |
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Definition
| Aggression elicited by the presentation of an aversive stimulus or event. |
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| Aggressive behavior that is reinforced (increased) by the removal of an aversive event arranged by another member of the species. |
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| The extent to which experimental findings generalize to other behaviors, settings, reinforcers, and populations - that is, whether the cause-and-effect relationship found in an experiment occurs at different times and places, when the original conditions are in effect. |
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A negative side effect of punishment in which the person who delivers punishment and the context become conditioned aversive stimuli.
Individuals will attempt to escape from or avoid the punishing person or setting. |
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"The use of punishment and the threat of punishment to get others to act as we would like, and to our practice of rewarding people just by letting them escape from our punishments and threats"
Involves the basic contingencies of punishment and negative reinforcement. |
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| Reflexive aggression is also called _____. |
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| A negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers (tokens) are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases. |
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