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| Applied Behavior Analysts document and quantify behavior change by direct and repeated measurement of behavior, and the product of those measurements is called _____. |
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| _____ are relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables. |
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| Graphing each measure of behavior as it is collected provides the practitioner or researcher with an immediate and ongoing _____ of the participant's behavior, allowing treatment and experimental decisions to be responsive to the participant's performance. |
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| Direct and continual contact with the data in a readily analyzable format enables the practitioner or researcher to _____ interesting variations in behavior as they occur. |
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| arbitrary levels of significance |
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Definition
| As a judgmental aid for interpreting experimental results, graphic display is a fast, relatively easy-to-learn method that imposes no _____ for evaluating behavior change. |
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| Visual analysis of graphed data is a _____ method for determining the significance of behavior change; only variables able to produce meaningful effects repeatedly are considered significant, and weak and unstable variables are screened out. |
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| Graphs enable and encourage _____ of the meaning of significance of behavior change by others. |
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| people whose behavior they represent |
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| Graphs can serve as effective sources of feedback to the _____. |
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Definition
| _____ are the most commonly used format for the graphic display of behavioral data. |
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| Line graphs are based on the _____, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines. |
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Definition
| Major parts of the _____ are the horizontal axis (also called the x axis), the vertical axis (also called the y axis), condition change lines, condition labels, data points, the data path, and the figure caption. |
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| Graphs with multiple data paths on the same axis are used to show: |
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Definition
-two or more dimensions of the same behavior
-two or more different behaviors
-the same behavior under different and alternating experimental conditions
-changes in target behavior relative to the changing values of an independent variable
-the behavior of two or more participants |
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Definition
| A second vertical axis, which is drawn on the right-hand side of the horizontal axis, is sometimes used to show _____ for multiple data paths. |
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| Two primary purposes to use bar graphs: |
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Definition
-To display discrete data not related by an underlying dimension that can be used to scale the horizontal axis
-To summarize and enable easy comparison of the performance of a participant or group of participants during the different conditions of an experiment. |
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| total number of responses |
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Definition
| Each data point on a cumulative record represents the _____ emitted by the subject since measurement began. |
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Definition
| The ____ the slope of the data path on a cumulative record, the higher the response rate. |
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Definition
| _____ refers to the average rate of response over a given time period. |
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Definition
| _____ refers to the rate of response during a smaller period of time within a larger period for which an overall response rate has been given. |
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| Cumulative records are especially effective for displaying data when: |
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Definition
-the total number of responses made over time is important
-the graph is used as a source of feedback to the subject
-the target behavior can occur only once per measurement period
-a fine analysis of a single instance or portions of data from an experiment is desired. |
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Definition
| Semilogarithmic harts use a logarithmic-scaled y axis so that changes in behavior that are of _____ (e.g., doublings of the response measure) are represented by equal distances on the vertical axis. |
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Term
| Standard Celeration Chart |
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Definition
| The _____ is a six-cycle multiply-divide graph that enables the standardized charting of celeration. |
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Definition
| A linear measure of frequency change across time, a factor by which frequency multiplies or divides per unit of time. |
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Definition
| A scatterplot shows the _____ of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x and y axes. |
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Definition
| The vertical axis is drawn to a length approximately _____ that of the horizontal axis. |
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| The _____ is marked off in equal intervals, each representing from left to right the chronological succession of equal time periods within which behavior was measured. |
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Definition
| _____ of time are indicated on the horizontal axis by scale breaks. |
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Definition
| The _____ is scaled relative to the dimension of behavior measured, the range of values of the measures obtained, and the social significance of various levels of change in the target behavior. |
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Definition
| _____ indicate changes in the treatment program or manipulations of an independent variable and are drawn to the same height as the vertical axis. |
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| A brief, descriptive label identifies each _____ of an experiment or behavior change program. |
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| Data points should be accurately placed with _____. |
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| When multiple data paths are used, different _____ are used to distinguish each data set. |
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Definition
| Data paths are created by connecting _____ with a straight line. |
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| Successive Data points should not be connected when: |
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Definition
- they fall on either side of a condition change line
- they span a significant period of time in which behavior was not measured
- they span discontinuities of time on the horizontal axis
- they fall on either side of a regularly scheduled measurement period in which data were not collected or were lost, destroyed, or otherwise unavailable
- they fall in a follow-up or post check period that is not regularly spaced in time in the same manner as the rest of the study.
- one member of the pair falls outside the range of values described by the vertical axis. |
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Definition
| The _____ provides a concise but complete description of the graph, giving all of the information needed to interpret the display. |
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Definition
| Graphs should be printed in ____ ink only. |
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| Two Questions Visual Analysis attempts to answer: |
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Definition
- Did a socially meaningful change in behavior take place?
- IF so, can the behavior change be attributed to the independent variable? |
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Definition
| Before beginning to evaluate the data displayed in a graph, a careful examination of the graph's _____ should be undertaken. |
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Definition
| If _____ is suspected from the features of the graph's construction, the data should be replotted on a new set of axes before interpretation is attempted. |
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Definition
| Blocked data and data representing the average performance of a group of subjects should be viewed with the understanding that significant _____ may have been lost in the display. |
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Definition
| ____ of data within a given condition focuses on the number of data points, the variability of performance, the level of performance, and the direction and degree of any trends in the data. |
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| As a general rule, the more data in a condition and the greater stability of those data, the more _____ one can place in the data path's estimate of behavior during that time. |
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Definition
| The more variability in the behavioral measures during a condition, the greater the need for _______. |
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Definition
| Variability refers to the frequency and degree to which multiple measures of behavior yield _____ outcomes. |
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Definition
| A high degree of variability within a given condition usually indicates that little or no _____ has been achieved over the factors influencing the behavior. |
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Definition
| Refers to the value on the vertical axis around which a series of data points converges. |
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Definition
| In cases of extreme variability, _____ level of performance is evidenced. |
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| overall average or typical performance |
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Definition
| Mean or median level lines are sometimes added to graphic displays to represent the _____ during a condition. |
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Definition
| Mean and median level lines should be used and interpreted with care because they can ____ important variability and trends in the data. |
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Definition
| _____ refers to the overall direction taken by a data path; they are described in terms of their direction, degree and the extent of variability of data points around the trend. |
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Definition
| Trend direction and degree can be visually represented by drawing a trend line, or _____, through a series of data points. |
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| least-squares regression equation |
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Definition
| Trend lines can be drawn freehand, using the _____, or using a method called the split-middle line of progress. |
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| Split-middle lines of progress |
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Definition
| ____ can be drawn quickly and reliably and have proven useful in analyzing behavior change. |
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Definition
| Visual analysis of data across conditions determines whether change in level, variability, and/or trend occurred and to what extent any changes were _____. |
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