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| nomadic clans that developed in desert zones in the Arabian Peninsula - facilitated the spread of Islam |
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| tribal leaders of the bedouins |
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| site of the Ka'ba and an obligatory truce between clans due to it being a holy city for Muslims |
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| had sedentary agriculture due to it being an oasis - active trade between its people and the bedouins - fought over between two bedouin and three Jewish clans |
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| clan that dominated the politics and commercial economy of Mecca - belonged to the Quraysh bedouin tribe - ruled for nearly 100 years - treated women with respect - focused on military expansion - fall was caused by lavish lifestyles and being overthrown by the Abbasids - centralized power - combined religion with politics/social customs |
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| one of the most revered religious shrines of pre-Islamic Arabia - attracted pilgrims and customers to Mecca |
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| word for "God" - used by Muslims |
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| Islamic prophet (was not worshipped as an idol) |
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| monotheistic religion most prevalent in the Arabic Peninsula |
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| Islam's holy book, written by Muhammad |
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| Arabic word for "migration" |
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| a charity tax for the poor |
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| five basic acts in Islam - considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life |
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| pilgrimage to Mecca - every Muslim has to make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime |
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| leader of Islam after Muhammad |
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| first caliph - took Muhammad's place |
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| backers of Umayyads - caliph through dominant clan - rightly guided caliphs |
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| backers of Ali - caliph through descendants of Muhammad |
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| Jews and Christians living under early Muslim rule |
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| party that overthrew Umayyad rule - ruled for nearly 500 years - accepted Muslim conversions and non-Muslims - focused on expansion of knowledge - centralized power - combined religion with politics/social customs - bureaucracy - fall was caused by groups of people breaking away from the caliphate and then Mongol invasions |
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| in Iraq - capital of the Abbasid Empire |
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| a high official in Muslim countries |
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| house of worship for Muslims |
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| The Thousand and One Nights |
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| collection of stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age |
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| Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of philosophy and medicine, known as the Iranian Socrates and Hippocrates |
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| Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of philosophy and medicine, known as the Iranian Socrates and Hippocrates |
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| tried to change Shi'a views - didn't work |
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| most famous and enduring leader - civil war came after his death and ended the power of the caliphs |
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| separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants that was created by the Abbasid court to keep women in seclusion |
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| Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'a character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests |
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| a Muslim sovereign or leader |
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| Turkic Sunni Muslims - their dynasty adopted Persian culture |
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| "property" or "owned slave" of the king |
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| East-Central Asian ethnic group - formed from the unification of nomadic tribes |
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| was elected supreme ruler (Khagan) of the Mongol tribes in 1206 - constructed new capital Karakorum |
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| Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia - grandson of Chinggis Khan |
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| mystics who helped the spread of Islam after the Golden Age, especially in India and southeast Asia |
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| orthodox religious scholars - opposite of Sufis |
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no hierarchy of officials
organized by kinship/similar
less political power in one area
internal problems easily solved - people could leave and establish a different village
could not face external issues though
not able to mobilize for war, organize large building projects, create stability for long distance trade |
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| name for eastern north Africa (used by Arabs) |
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| name for western Africa (used by Arabs) |
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ultra-conservative reformers in 11th century
launched jihad (holy war to purify, spread, protect faith) |
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| reformers - return to original teachings of Muhammad |
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a Christian kingdom near Egypt and Nubia
east of the Nile River
maybe most important African Christian outpost
had conversions to Christianity before the Roman Empire
isolated, very independen |
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King Lalibela - ruled the new dynasty of Christian and non-Christian states
In the Ethiopian Kingdom
Built churches in the 13th century to represent power of early Christianity in Ethiopia |
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grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara
point of exchange between north and south
open to attack/periodic droughts |
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led by patriarch/council of elders/family
had the main area it ruled but also controlled conquest states which affected the taxes, tribute, and military support
these aspects defined an empire: fit Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
rulers = sacred
separated king from others by rituals
used Islam to reinforce the idea of kingship
majority of the population didn’t convert to Islam
rulers combined Islam with indigenous culture |
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led by patriarch/council of elders/family
had the main area it ruled but also controlled conquest states which affected the taxes, tribute, and military support
these aspects defined an empire: fit Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
rulers = sacred
separated king from others by rituals
used Islam to reinforce the idea of kingship
majority of the population didn’t convert to Islam
rulers combined Islam with indigenous culture |
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emperor (in Mali)
first mansa: Sundiata |
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empire located between the Senegal and Niger rivers
created by Malinke people (broke away from Ghana in 13th century)
kingship reinforced by Islam
rulers supported Islam (built mosques, public prayers, supporting preachers)
agricultural base but had active trade (facilitated by juula) |
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Arab traveler
believed that Africans hated injustice the most and the emperor didn’t forgive people who are guilty of it |
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brilliant, respected leader
given credit for the beginning of Malinke expansion
celebrated in a great oral tradition - the “Lion Prince”
“he was beloved of God because he was the last of the great conquerors”
created a unified state from regional fighting
divided people into social arrangements (like in Ghana but he was given credit)
the political institutions of rule he created allowed for regional and ethnic differences
stationed troops to maintain loyalty/security
died in 1260 - successors expanded the territory to nearly the Atlantic coast |
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port city (Niger River)
population of 50,000
14th century - great Sankore mosque contained a library and university
book = symbol of civilization in Islamic world - book trade in Timbuktu was the most lucrative business |
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Dominated the areas of the Niger valley
Began to form as an independent kingdom in the 7th century
Rulers had become Muslim although most of the population remained pagan
1370, Songhay broke from Mali - gold trade
Mid-16th century Songhay dominated Sudan
Familiar pattern – created unique brand of Islam
Downfall when Muslim army from Morocco came down > this led to revolts
Muslim role in city:
Came as merchants – joined communities
Though they were minorities, they became elite
Located throughout west Africa, but no Islamicized state
Intermarriage took place |
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| East African trading ports |
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Founding - Bantu people from 1st century to 10th century
-Even Indonesia and Malay in 2nd century - bananas/coconuts on Madagascar
-Fishers, farmers made rough pottery & iron
13th century - urbanized trading ports - at least 30 port towns
-Shared Swahili language
-Contained mosques, tombs, palaces cut of stone and coral
-Exported ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals
-Imported silks - Persia, porcelain - China
-Sofala - beautiful coastal city, gold access, furthers south to catch monsoon
(Riding the monsoon season key to trading in Indian Ocean)
-link to coastal commerce and caravan trade
-Chinese sailing expeditions - 1417 > 1431 - big boats |
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| Discuss how a nomadic pastoral society produced a religion capable of achieving global dominance. |
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| Nomads already traveled, so if they created a religion, it would travel with them to other places and groups of people and influence them. |
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| Discuss why the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad served to hinder future Muslim unity. |
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| Even today, the schism that took place after the death of Muhammad turns Muslims against Muslims. |
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| Compare and contrast the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia. |
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| While both caused kings to convert to Islam, the Mediterranean and Middle East was directly affected and held by the Abbasid Empire (Golden Age of Islam) while the spread of Islam was done by Sufis and other outside groups after the Golden Age. |
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| Discuss the political, cultural, and economic characteristics of the Abbasid Empire. |
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political divisions and social disagreements
civil wars causing the economy to weaken
trade expansion and intellectual creativity |
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