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| Classification system that uses a letter designation to identify basic features such as quenching method, primary application, special alloy or characteristic or specific industry involved. |
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| – Steels containing more than 1.65% manganese, .60% silicon, or .60% copper |
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| soft magnetic metals that show attractive electrical and magnetic properties. Since the material has no grains or grain boundaries: (1) the magnetic domains can move freely in response to magnetic fields, (2) the properties are the same in all directions, and (3) corrosion resistance is improved. |
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| Austenitic stainless steel |
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Definition
| A stainless steel in which austenite is the stable structure at room temperature, with sufficient amounts of both nickel and chromium. |
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| – Resistant to aging during normal storage but begin to age during sheet-metal forming. |
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| A ferrous casting alloy containing less than about 2.0% carbon. |
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| Can be used to overcome a number of ingot-related difficulties, such as piping, entrapped slag, and structure variation along the length of the product. |
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| Reducing the amounts of all dissolved gases |
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| Used to “tie up” the dissolved oxygen. |
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| These steels use a quench with a temperature above A1 but below A3 to produce a structure of ferrite and high-carbon martensite in an otherwise low- or medium-carbon steel. |
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| Contain between 18 and 25% chromium, 4 to 7% nickel, and up to 4% molybdenum, and are water quenched from a hot-working temperature that is between 1000 and 1050C to produce a microstructure that is approximately half ferrite and half austenite. |
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| Electroslag remelting (ESR) |
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Definition
| can be used to produce extremely clean, gas-free metal. |
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| A corrosion-resistant iron alloy produced that is ferrite at all temperatures below solidification with sufficient chromium and a low level of carbon. |
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| “Basically carbon steels that have been modified by an alloy addition of sulfur, lead, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, or phosphorus to enhance machinability |
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| High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) |
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Definition
| micro alloyed types, which rely largely on chemical composition to develop the desired properties in the as-rolled or normalized conditions. |
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| – the 4th most plentiful element in the earth’s crust. Rarely found in the metallic state, but occurs in a variety of mineral compounds known as ores. |
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| Refers to a variety of processes designed to provide final purification and to fine-tune both the chemistry and temperature of the melt. |
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| The containment vessel for molten metals. Used historically for transfer and pouring containers and also for additional processing. |
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| Iron alloys which are known for possessing superior strength and toughness without losing malleability, although they can not hold a good cutting edge. These steels are a special class of low-carbon ultra-high-strength steels which derive their strength not from carbon, but from precipitation of inter-metallic compounds. The principal alloying element is 15 to 25% nickel. |
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| Martensitic Stainless Steel |
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Definition
| steels that are low carbon steels with 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle. |
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| a type of alloy steel that contains small amounts of alloying elements (0.05 to 0.15%). Standard alloying elements include:niobium, vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, boron, and rare-earth metals. They are used to refine the grain microstructure and/or facilitate precipitation hardening. These steels performance and cost land between carbon steel and low alloy steel. |
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Definition
| the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with coke, usually with limestone as a flux. Has a very high carbon content, typically 3.5–4.5%,[1] which makes it very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications. Traditionally it would be worked into wrought iron in finery forges, and later puddling furnaces, more recently into steel. |
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| steel where the main alloying constituent is carbon. The term "carbon steel" may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels. |
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| Precipitation-Hardenable Stainless Steel |
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Definition
| These steels are iron-nickel-chromium alloys containing one or more precipitation hardening elements such as aluminum, titanium, copper, niobium, and molybdenum. The precipitation hardening is achieved by a relatively simple aging treatment of the fabricated part. The two main characteristics of all precipitation-hardening stainless steels are high strength and high corrosion resistance |
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| Steel sheets can be ordered plated or dipped to save the cost of finishing products piece-by-piece. |
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| A brittle, nonmagnetic phase of tetragonal structure occurring in many transition-metal alloys; frequently encountered in high chromium stainless steels |
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| is specialty steel tailored to produce certain magnetic properties. Aka Electrical Steel. Has up to 6.5% silicon alloyed, manganese and aluminum can be up to 0.5%. |
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| a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof. |
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| is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight. |
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| refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools. Their suitability comes from their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion, their ability to hold a cutting edge. |
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| Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) |
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Definition
| A vacuum degassing process where at the bottom of the crucible is a small amount of the alloy to be remelted, which the top electrode is brought close to prior to starting the melt. Several kiloamperes of DC current are used to start an arc between the two pieces, and from there, a continuous melt is derived. |
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Definition
| A ladle of molten metal is placed within a chamber which is then evacuated. This reduces the gas content, particularly hydrogen, as well as reducing non- metallic inclusions. |
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| Vacuum Induction Melting (VIM) |
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Definition
| A vacuum degassing process for melting metal under vacuum conditions using electromagnetic induction. It works by creating electrical eddy currents in the metal which heats the "charge" to melt it. This process is used for refining of high purity metal and alloys, among other things. |
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