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| Policies designed to protect ppl against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by govt. officials or individuals. |
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| equal protection of the laws |
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| part of the 14th amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all ppl. |
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| The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had ecaped to a free st. enjoyed no rights as a citizen and the Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. |
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| The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. |
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| An 1896 Supreme Court decison that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by rulnig that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the White and colored races" was constitutional . |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| The 1954 Supreme Court decison holidng taht school segregation in Topeak, Kansas, was inherently unconsitutional because it violated the 14th amdendment's guarantee of equal protection. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the US. |
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| The law that made racil discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbad many forms of job discrimination. |
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| The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the 15th amendment, to women by the 19th amendment, and to ppl over the age of 18 by the 26th amendment. |
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| The constitutional amendment that adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans. |
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| small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor Afrian American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Soutehrn sts. to exclude African Americans from voting. Voided by the 24th amendment in 1964. |
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| one of the means used to discourage African American voting that permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic South to exculde African Americans from primary elections, thus deriving them of a voice in the real contests. Declared unconstitutional in 1944. |
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| The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in fed. elections. |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American sufferage. Under the law, thousands of African Amricans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. |
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| A 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in emcampments during WWII. |
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| The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees wome the right to vote. |
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| A constitutional amendment orginally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any st. on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from 3/4 of the st. legislatures. |
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| The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. |
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| In this 1976 ruling, the Supreme Court esablished the "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination. |
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| Americans with Disablities Act of 1990 (ADA) |
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| A law passed in 1990 that reuires employers and public facilites to make "reasonable acommodations" for ppl with disabilites and prohibits discrimination against these individuals. |
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| A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group. |
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| Regents of the University of Ca. v. Bakke |
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| A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a st. university could not admit less qualifed individuals soely because of their race. |
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| Adarand Constructors v. Pena |
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Definition
| A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify ppl by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorites, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. |
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