brain 

spinal cord

afferent - carries info TO the CNS

efferent - carries info FROM the CNS

happens automatically

on its own

Embryonic Neural Tube

gives rise to.....

hindbrain

midbrain

forebrain

spinal cord

cerebral cortex (telencephalon)

thalamus

hypothalamus

pituitary

gray matter (cell bodies)

white matter (axons)

reflexes don't go to the brain!!!

hunger, thirst, instincts, long-term memory formation, fear, pleasure, pain

-amygdala

-hippocampus

-cerebrum

responsible for conscious thinking and behavior

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

temporal lobe

occipital lobe

recieves and processes auditory info

recognize, identify, and name objects

facial recognition!

understanding spoken language

primary motor cortex

feeling, planning, personality

controls muscles in specific parts of the body

left brain = right side

right brain = left side

recognize real face

can't recognize broken up face

recognize eyes kinda

primary sensory cortex - recieves touch and pressure info

complex stimuli proecessing - contralateral neglect syndrome

receives and processes visual info

translates visual experience into language

we have the largest brain for our body size

SMART!

disproportionately larger forebrain

greater convolution of cortex (inc. surface area)

controls heart rate

sweating

some functions of gut

sympathetic - activates responses

parasympathetic - deactivates response

sympathetic

increase heart rate

"fight or flight" responses; yeeee

Running from Tigers

Oh My!

convergence of information

ganglion

receptive fields

simple cell neurons

analyzes edges of patterns of light falling on retina

100 milli photoreceptors --> 1 milli ganglion cells

have a well defined receptive fiels

send information to thalamus

thalamus --> visual cortex as a single msg

respond to light and dark on small areas of retina

complex cells respond to light falling on a large area of retina

Ocular Contributions -

Binocular Vision

allows us to see in 3D

different visual fields overlap

where two ocular nerves meet

right field - seen by left side

most accidents occur close to home

your brain constructs what its used to

"i didn't see you"

measures electrical activity in cerebral cortex by detecting changes in electric potential differences in electrodes

measures what your brain does when you sleep

measures muscular movements

when you dream you're falling and you move!

COOOOOL

measures eye movements

REM

requires non-REM stages 3 and 4

REM (20%) - characterized by vivid dreams

Sleepwalking

is creepy

brain inhibits function of afferent and efferent pathways

this is why we don't act out our dreams

deficit in the ability to use or understand words

not illiteracy

sensory aspects of language

ability to form coherent words

understand spoken/written language

Learning:

Long-Term Potentiation

Learning:

Long-Term Depression

Learning:

Associative Learning

two unrelated stimuli become linked to the same response

conditioned response

Learning:

Observational Learning

copying another person's behavior

retain memory of observation

copy or use that info later

YOGA, SPORTS

events that are happening now

photographic, but only for a few seconds

holds less information

lasts about 15 minutes

hippocampus enables transfer of memory

short term --> long term

can last a lifetime

memory of people, places, events, and things

Alzheimer's / dementia patients have great declarative memory, but

can't remember things that happened recently

motor task performance

muscular memory

playing an instrument/song 

remembers how to control hands to do something

Consciousness?

O_o

idea is hard to study

-could be a result of the very discrete insular cortex within the forebrain (and its circuitry)

-tells us how we "feel" after compiling a variety of physiological inputs