Term
| characteristics of prokaryotes |
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Definition
-DNA not enclosed in a membrane
-DNA not associated with histones
-no membrane bound organelles
-cell wall of peptidoglycan
-divide by binary fission
-bacteria and archea |
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Term
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Definition
| cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), spiral |
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Definition
-diplococci
-streptococci
-tetrad
-sarcinae
-staphylococci |
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-diplobacilli
-streptobacilli
-coccobacilli |
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Definition
-vibrio
-spirillum
-spirochete |
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Definition
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Definition
| helical shape (use flagella) |
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Definition
| helical and flexible (axial filaments) |
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Term
| external structures to the cell wall |
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Definition
-glycocalyx
-flagella
-pili/fimbriae |
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Term
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Definition
-general term to describe substances that surround the cell
-viscous, sticky, gelatinous polymer of polysaccharides/polypeptides or both
-capsule (organized tight)
-slime layer(loose) |
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Term
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Definition
-act as a barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules (detergents)
-can enable adherence to other bacteria or host tissue (biofilms)
-major virulence factor due to its weak antigenic and antiphagocytic properties |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of helically coiled proteins (flagellin)
-peritrichous
-monotrichous and polar
-lophotrichous and polar
-amphitrichous |
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Term
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Definition
| distributed over entire cell |
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Term
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Definition
| single flagellum at one pole |
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Definition
| many flagella at one pole |
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Definition
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Definition
-driven by rotary engine composed of proteins located at flagellum's anchor point on the inner cell membrane (basal body)
-powered by proton motive force |
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Definition
-thin protein tubes originating from plasma membrane
-found in all gram negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-shaft composed of pilin
-involved in motility
-bring bacteria together and allow transfer of DNA (conjugation) |
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Term
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Definition
-can occur at poles or over entire surface
-promote attachment to other bacteria and host
-virulence factor
-ex. E. coli colonization
-N. gonorihoeae urinary infection |
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Term
| the cell wall and functions |
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Definition
-contains semi rigid, tight knit, molecular complex of peptidoglycan(NAG,NAM,peptides)
-protects inside of cell from detrimental changes in the outside environment
-prevents cell from rupturing in hypotonic conditions
-maintains shape
-provides ligands(binds to receptors) for adherence
-essential structure for cell viability |
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Term
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Definition
-linked in rows of 10-65 sugars
-attached to peptide chain of 4 amino acids (direct and cross linked) |
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Term
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Definition
-named after Hans Christian Gram (1884)
-one of the most important techniques in microbio
-based on ability of bacteria cell wall to retain primary crystal violet dy during solvent treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-apply crystal violet
-apply iodine (mordant)
-decolorize with alcohol
-apply safranin (counterstain) |
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Term
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Definition
-high peptidoglycan
-low lipid
-pores shrink from alcohol
-CVI complex retained |
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Term
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Definition
-low peptidoglycan
-high lipid
-dissolution of lipid membrane from alcohol
-CVI complex washes out
-cell takes up counterstain |
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Term
| Gram + cell wall characteristics |
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Definition
-thick peptidoglycan (20-80nm)
-contains teichoic acids (wall and lipo)
-contains alcohol group (glycerol,ribitol) and phosphate group
-may be involved in regulating flow of cations
-important surface antigens involved in adherence |
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Term
| Gram - cell wall characteristics |
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Definition
-thin peptidoglycan (7-8nm)
-no teichoic acids
-possesses outer membrane
-lipoprotein bind peptidoglycan to outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-LPS
-lipoproteins
-phospholipids
-porins |
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Term
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Definition
-lipid A
-core polysaccharide
-O antigen |
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Term
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Definition
-basic component
-endotoxin activity |
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Term
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Definition
-branched 9-12 sugars
-structural |
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Definition
-50-100 repeating saccharide units
-allows serotype distinction |
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Definition
-have no cell wall
-plasma membrane contains sterols |
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Term
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Definition
-may lack cell wall or are composed of polysaccharides and proteins
-pseudomurein instead of peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
-thin semi permeable membrane composed of phospholipid bilayer
-polar ends form innermost and outermost
-peripheral proteins found at innner or outer surface
-integral proteins span membrane or are channels with a pore (transmembrane proteins) |
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Term
| functions of plasma membrane |
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Definition
-selective semi permeable membrane that determines what goes on in and out of organism
-breakdown of nutrients
-production of energy (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
-gel like substance
-80% water
-contains proteins, carbs, lipids, inorganic ions. low MW compounds |
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Term
| major structures of cytoplasm |
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Definition
-nucleoid
-plasmids
-ribosomes
-inclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| -long single molecule of double stranded helical supercoiled DNA |
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Term
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Definition
-small molecules of double stranded helical non chromosomal DNA
-code for proteins not coded by nucleoid (antibiotic resistance, exotoxins) |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of rRNA and protein
-composed of two subunits with densities of 30S and 50S
-two subunits combine during protein synthesis to make 70S |
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Term
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Definition
-reserve deposits
-may be starch glycogen, lipids, sulfur, phosphate
-bacteria live in competitive environment where nutrients are in short supply so they store up whenever possible
-gas vacuoles are hollow cylinders that maintain buoyancy |
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Term
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Definition
-resistant structures formed by Gram + bacteria under adverse conditions
-most resistant life from known
-able to survive 100 degrees C for long periods
-reisistant to UV light, drying up, and harmful chemicals
-some disease organisms like anthrax and botulism form spores that reside in soil
-size shape and location are genetic characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
-spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm
-Plasma membrane starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm, and membrane isolated in step 1
-spore septum surrounds isolated portion forming an forespore
-peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes
-spore coat forms
-endospore is freed from cell |
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