• Anorexia
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Retching
• Projectile vomiting 

• Foreful emptying of stomach and intestinal contents through mouth 
• Several types of stimuli initiate the vomiting reflex 

• Spontaneous vomiting 
• It does NOT follow nausea or retching 

• Decrease in number of bowel movements/week
• Hard stools
• Difficult evacuation 

• A diet low in fiber foods or foods that cause bowel movements like cheese of prune juice

• Colace 

• Volume
• Fluidity 
• Weight

• Osmotic - water 
• Secretory - mucosal 
• Motility - blockage 

• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Metabolic acidosis
• Weight loss
• Acute bacterial or viral infection
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Malabsorption syndromes 

• Elderly
• Infants 

• Bananas
• Apply sauce
• Rice
• Toast 

• Acute or chronic
• Generalized or local
• Sharp
• Dull
• Colicky 

• Parietal
• Visceral
• Referred 

• Somatic pain
• Localized 
• Intense 

• Poorly localized
• Dull
• Distension
• Inflammation 
• Ischemia 

• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Duodenum 

• Below the ligament of Treitz
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Colon
• Rectum 

• Mechanical
• Functional 

• Stroke
• Parkinson's 
• Myesthena Gravis 

• Incompetent esophageal sphincter
• Pyloric stenosis
• Motility disorder

• Obesity 
• Sleep apnea 

• Heartburn
• Regurgitation of chyme
• Upper abdominal pain within 1 hour of eating
• Difficulty swallowing 

• Esophageal Hernia
• Diphragmatic Hernia 

• Heartburn 
• Feelings of fullness 

True of False?

Pyloric Obstruction can be congenital or aquired 

• Epigastric pain
• Fullness
• Nausea
• Vomiting 

• Malnutrition
• Dehydration
• Extreme debilitation 

True or False?

An intestinal obstruction and an ileus is the same thing?

• Any condition preventing flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen 
• Failure of normal intestinal motility in absence of an obstructing lesion 

• Colicky pain
• Vomiting
• Distention
• Hypovolemia
• Metabolic acidosis 

• H. Pylori
• NSAIDs
• Aspirin
• Hot spicy foods
• Alcohol 

• Same as acute
• Could also be autoimmune 

True or False?

Signs and symptoms of chronic gastritis often do NOT correlate with the severity of the disease

An ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of:

• Lower esophagus
• Stomach
• Duodenum  

• Acute 
• Chronic
• Superficial
• Deep 

• Stress
• Smoking
• Steroids
• Gastritis 

• Peptic ulcers - more general occur in all different areas
• Gastric ulcers - more specific to the stomach 

• It involves the mucosal lining extending to the submucosal layer
• This increases the permeability to H+ ions 

• H. Pylori
• Hypersecretion of stomach acid and pepsin
• NSAIDs
• High gastrin levels
• Smoking
• Caffeine 

• Severe illness
• Neural injury
• Systemic trauma

• Ischemic ulcers
• Cushing ulcers

• Surgically created residual stomach
• Partial gastrectomy
• Pyloroplasty 

• Gastric capacity
• Emptying control
• Feedback control

• Diarrhea
• Weight loss
• Anemia 

• Lipase
• Amylase
• Trypsin
• Chymotrypsin 

• Pancreatitis
• Pancreatic Carcinoma
• Pancreatic Resection 
• Cystic Fibrosis 

• Fatty Stools
• Weight Loss 

• Type of malabsorption
• Inability to break down lactose into monosaccharides 

• A type of malabsorption syndrome
• It results from liver diesase and bile obstructions 

• Emulsify fats 
• Absorb fats

• fatty stools
• Diarrhea
• Loss of fat soluble vitamins 

• Decreased calcium absorption
• Bone pain
• Osteoporosis
• Fractures

• Prolonged prothrombin time
• Purpura
• Petechiae 

• Chronic
• Relapsing inflammatory bowel disorder
• Unknown Origin 

• Genetics
• Alterations of epithelial barrier functions
• Immune reactions to intestinal flora
• Abnormal T cell responses

• Infections
• Immunologic
• Dietary
• Genetic 

• Diarrhea
• Bloody stools
• Cramps

• Broad spectrum antibiotics 
• Steroids
• Immunosuppressive agents
• Surgery 

True of False?

Ulcerative Colitis pt are at increases risk for colon cancer? 

• Granulomatous colitis
• Ileocolitis
• Reginal Enteritis 

• Obstruction 
• Ischemia
• Increases intraluminal pressure
• Infection
• Ulceration 

• Epigastric Pain
• Right lower quadrant pain
• Rebound tenderness 
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Leukocytosis 

• Celiac axis
• Superior mesenteric artery
• Inferior mesenteric artery 

True of False?

Two of the three blood supplies must be compromised to cause ischemia?

True of False?

There can be acute or chronic mesenteric ischemia?

• Morbidity
• Death
• Increased health care costs

• Insulin
• Ghrelin
• Peptide YY
• Leptin
• Adiponectin
• Resistin

• Body image disorder
• Refusal to eat
• Loss of fat and muscle
• Associated with binge eating/purging

• Starvation induced cardiac failure 
• Absence of 3 consecutive menstrual periods 

• Body weight near normal; desire for weight loss
• Self inducing vomiting
• Two binge eating episodes per week for at least 3 months
• Fasting to oppose the affect of binge eating of exercise 

• Pitted teeth
• Pharyngeal and esophageal inflammation
• Tracheo esophageal fistulae

• Prehepatic
• Intahepatic
• Posthepatic
• (sorry I know this is a bad card!)

• Varices
• Splenomegaly
• Ascites 
• Hepatic encephalopathy

• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Rectum 

• Neurotransmission 
• Ammonia - deamination of amino acids

• Personality changes
• Confusion
• Disorientation
• Memory loss
• Stupor - coma
• Death 

• Obstructive
• Hepatocellular
• Hemolytic 

Renal failure with:

• Oliguria
• Sodium and water retention 
• Peripheral vasodilation 

This is all due to advanced liver disease 

• Hypovolemia
• Hypotension
• Decreased renal blood flow
• Intrarenal vasoconstriction
• Decreased GFR and urine output 

• Fecal-oral route
• Crowded, unsanitary conditions
• Food and water contamination 

• Blood or body fluid
• Contaminated needles
• Sexual contact
• Maternal transmission if mother infected during 3rd trimester 

• Transfusions
• IV drugs 

• Occurs with Hep B
• Common Mediterranean and middle east areas

• Fecal-oral transmission
• Developing countries 

• Recently discovered
• Parenterally and sexually transmitted 

• Incubation
• Prodromal
• Icteric
• Recovery 

• Chronic 
• Fulminant
• Acute 

• Decreased hepatic function from nodular and fibrotic tissue synthesis
• Obstruction of biliary channels cause portal hypertension 

• Blood being shunted away from the liver
• Hypoxic necrosis 

• Alcoholic
• Biliary
• Postnectotic 

• Cirrhosis begins in bile canaliculi and ducts
• Primary 
• Secondary 

• Enzymes cause autodigestion of pancreatic tissue
• Leak into the bloodstream 
• Cause injury to blood vessels and other organs 

• Epigastric pain radiating to back
• Fever and leukocytosis
• Hypotension and hypovolemia
• Increase serum amylase level 

• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Colon and rectum
• Liver 
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas