mammalia 

mammals are _______, and diverged from _____ in the Permian

Early Evolution of Mammals

____ _____ are often confused with ______. True mammals appear by the ______. The ___ was remodeled during the evolution of mammals from _____ ______. 

Derived Characters of Mammals

list the 4

mammary glands that produced milk

hair

larger brains

enucleated red blood cells

Modern Mammals

name the 3 groups and explain

monotremata- egg laying (platypus)

metatheria - marsupials  (kangaroos)

Eutheria- placental mammals (humans)

Metatheria

a _____ is born very ____ in its development, but completes its embryonic development while _____ withing a ____ ____ called a _____. 

Eutherians (____ _____)

compared to a marsupial, eutherians have a longer period of ______. Youth complete embryonic development within a ______, jointed to the ___ by the ____.

Primates

Mammalian order Primates includes ____, _____, ____, and _____. _____ are members of the ape group.

Derived Characters of Primates

Most primates have _____ and ____ adapted for _____.

Primates also have

____ ____ and ___ ____

______-_____ ____ providing ____ _____

well-developed ___ ____ and complex ___ ______

a full ___ ___

hand, feet, grasping

large brain, short jaws

forward-looking eyes, depth perception

parental care, social behavior

opposable thumb

Living Primates

There are 3 main groups name and give example

Prosimians (lemurs, lorises, pottos) primitive monkeys

Tarsiers

simiiforms (anthropoids) monkeys and apes

the fossil record indicates that monkeys 

first appeared in ____ ____(South America) during _____.

first monkeys evolved in ___ ___ (africa and Asia)

New World and Old world monkeys underwent _____ adaptive radiations during their many years of separation

Hominoids (_____ monkeys)

Consists of primates informally called _____

Diverged from ____ _____ monkeys 

Hominids

Lineage of primates that includes ______

Originated in ______

Early Hominids- Had a _____ brain, but probably walked _____, exhibiting _____ evolution 

The study of human origins is known as __________

those who study it have discovered fossils of approximately 22 species of extinct hominoids that are more closely related to _____ than to _____

Derived characters of hominids 

list the 7

Australopiths

______ ____ of hominids, had adaptations that suggest ______, but still capable of living in _____. Began to _____ _____ _____ on ____ legs 2 mya

Early Homo "_____ ____"

earliest fossil placed in our genus Homo are those of Homo ______

stone tools have been found with H. ______ giving this species its name which means "_____ _____"

Homo ergaster (____)

was the first fully ____, ____-_____ hominid.

first to spread out of ______

Neanderthals, Homo ________

lived in ____ and the near ____. 

were ____, ___-____ hominids

became ____ a few thousand year after the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe.

Homo sapiens

appeared in _____ at least 160,000 ya

Mitochondiral Eve - 170,000 ya

Adam- 59,000 ya

Oldest fossils outside Africa are 50,000 ya, likely serveral radiations out of africa, colonized Europe and Asia contemporary with presence of H. _____ and H. ____

Rapid Expansion of Homo sapiens

preceded by changes to ___ that made ____ ____ and other ____ ____ possible

Evidence of primitive ___ in other Homo

____ ____ allows more planning

HUmans have a more ____ ____ than neanderthals