"Organic";

organic chemistry

Organic: Refers to compounds of carbon;

chemistry of carbon compounds

Families of organic compounds formed by the replacement of H in hydrocarbons with other atoms and groups

Ex: Replacement of H with an O-H group makes alcohol...

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

H H

|    |

   H–C–C–OH

|    |

H H

A functional group of an organic compound formed with OH groups

- Polar, hydrophilic

Functional group with double bonded O and an H on a carbon end of the molecule. (RCHO)

Ex: acetaldehyde

    H    O

    |     ||

 H – C – C–H

|    

H   

Have double-bonded oxygen on a pair of groups. (RCOR)

Ex: Acetone (nail polish remover)

H   O    H

|     ||     |

H – C – C – C – H

|             |

H            H

Contains double-bonded O and carboxyl (COOH) functional group.

(aldehyde structure, with –OH instead of H)

- Polar (hydrophilic)

Ex: Acetic Acid

     O

     ||

(CH₃₎–  C

     |

     OH

Contain –NH₂ group

H

|

R – N – H

Contains phosphate group –OPO₃^2-

- P tends to ionize (gain 2 e-)

    O

    ||

R–O–P–O^-

    |

     O^-

Contains sulfur

R–S–H

Contains carboxyl group (organic acid) and amine group (substitute R with anything)

H   R  O

 |    |   ||

N–C–C

|    |    |

    H  H  OH

Ex: Alanine (non-polar): R is CH₃

Serine (polar): R is CH₂–OH

Glutamate (ionic): R is CH₂–C–O^-

 ||

O

COOH

with double-bonded oxygen:

OH–C=O

Range from non-polar to polar to ionic

Different arrangements of the same atom

(ex: propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol)

Amine group

found in amino acids

Isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Forms when one C is bonded to 4 different groups

- Formed when making organic compounds, drugs (racemic mixtures)

- Some optical isomers in drugs are not effective

Hydroxyl R–OH

Aldehyde R–(H–C=O)

Ketone R–(C=O)–R

Amine R–NH₂

Phosphate R– -OPO₃²

Thiol R–SH

Organic (Carboxyl) Acids R–(COOH)

Organic acid with long chain of carbons.

- SINGLE bonded carbons: saturated

- DOUBLE-bonded carbon(s) unsaturated (mono-/poly-)

- Ex: stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid (omega-3)

- 3 fatty acids with 3-Carbon backbone is a lipid (triglyceride)

3 fatty acids + 3-Carbon backbone

- Saturated lipids: solid, called fats

- Unsaturated lipids: liquid, called oils

- Non-polar, hydrophobic

- From warm-blooded: saturated

- From cold-blooded/fish: unsaturated

Unsaturated lipids

- non polar hydrophobes

Saturated lipids (triglyceride lipids)

- non polar hydrophobes

Saturation of fats by breaking double bonds and adding hydrogen atoms to empty bonds

(make more solid)

ex: vegetable oil --> margarine

- converts double bonds from cis- to trans-

1. Saturated (single-bonded carbons!) and trans fats (animal fats, hydrogenated oils)

2. polyunsaturated (veggie oils, corn oil)

3. monounsaturated (olive oil)

4. Omega-3 (soy beans, fish)