Respiration

is defined as the exchange of gas between organism and its environment.

Inspiration

breathing in, bringing oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life.

expiration

The process of elimating waste

 products by breathing out.

Alveoli

A small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular.

Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

the basic mechanism for inspiration may be likened to a hypodermic needle.

is the force exerted on walls of a

chamber by molecules of air.

P=F/A

F=force

A=area

Boyle's Law

givena gas of constant temp, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained, pressure will decrease.

decrease volume=increased pressure

Bony Thorax

Vertebrae and vertebral column

ribs and their attachment to vertebral column

pectoral girdle

sternum

pelvic girdle

(scapula and clavicle, ischium, pubic bone, sacrum,ilium)

Visceral Thorax

Respiratory passageway

mouth and nose

trachea and bronchi

lungs

mediastinum(cavity where heart sets)

Diaphragm(biggest muscle of respiratory system)

accessory muscles of inspiration

accessory muscles of expiration

muscles of postural control

a structure that doubles as the conduit for the spinal cord.

lungs are housed in thorax, an area bounded by the first rib and clavicle.

the entire thorax is suspended from the vertebral column(spinal column)

composed of ribs and sternum

the nervous system suppy for the body and extremities

the functional unit of the vertebral column

plural vertebrae or vetebral column segment.

five divisions: cervical, thoraic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

cervical vertebra=C1-C7

Thoracic vertebra= T1-T12

Lumbar vertebra=L1-L5

Sacrum

coccyx

the area serving the head requires

more security for the vertebral artery, so there

are protect foramina(openings) for that purpose.

Major landmark of vertebrae

the collection of which can be felt by rubbing

the spine of friend.

Vertebral Foremen

uppermost cervical vertebra is C1 or Atlas

the posterior of C1 has a e.

 reduced prominence, called posterior tubercle

supports skull for rotation.

is larger than those of C3 through C7, providing increased surface area for vertebra skull articulation.

the vertebral foramen is larger than those in the lower cervical vertebrae, reflecting the tranisition from spinal cord to brainstem.

foot

the superior suface is marked by a superior articular fact which rest atop the Pedicle.

Thoracic Vertebrae

the 12 thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 provide the basis for respiration framework.

they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax.

have larger spinous and transverse processes

the product of the inferior and superior vertebral notches of articulating vertebrae by which spinal nerves communicate with the spinal cord in life.

superior and inferior facets are the points of attachment for the ribs.

last three and 1(1,10,11,12) have one to one arrangement.

2-9 attaches to the transverse process and corpus fo the same numbered vertebra and also attaches to the body of the rib above it.

the five lumbar vertebrae are quite large in comparison to thoracic and cervical region.

reflecting the stresses placed on them during lifting and ambulation(walking).

the five sacral vertebrae are actually a fused mass

the sacrl formania perform the function of the intervertebral foramina providing passage for the sacral nerves.

the lower extremities are attached to this axis by pelvic girdle.

comprised of ilium, sacrum,pubic bone ischium

provides a strong structure for attaching legs to vertebral column

the upper extremities are attached through the pectoral girdle.

is the superior counterpart to the pelvic girdle. this structure permits attachment of the upper extremities to vertebral column

greek

growing together

point in which two pubic bones join.

AKA:shoulder girdle

includes: scapula and clavicle(aka:collarbone), bones that support the upper extremities.

pectoral: pertaining to chest

12pairs of ribs

4 components:

head: provides articulation surface w/spinal column

neck

shaft

angle: point rib begins

true ribs 1-7 direct attachment w/sternum through chondral(cartilaginous).

false rib: vertebrondral 8,9,10 attached to sternum by cartilage 

*chondral portion must run superiorly to attached to the sternum

floating rib : vertebral ribs 11-12

articulate w/vertebral column

manubrium sterni= handle, attachment to for clavicle and 1st rib. 2rib articulating at the juncture of the manubrium and corpus.

xiphoid=sword

ensiform=swordlike

Congential Thorax Deformities

Poland's Symdrome

is a congenital condition in which the pectrolis major and minor muscles are bost absent, and the child has fusion of the fingers or toes.

is a flexible tube, approx. 11cm in length and coposed of a series of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings that are open in the posterior aspect.

tube runs from inferior border of larynx where it divides at point of CARINA to become MAINSTREAM bronchi.

trachea rings are 2-2.5 cm diameter and .4 to .5 wide

connected by continuous mucous membrane lining

posterior to the trachea.

is a long callasped tube

adjacent to trachea

provides the conduit to the digestive system.

latin

lump

the esophagus is collasped except when occupied by a bolus of food being propelled by gavity adn peristaltic contractions to waiting stomach.

the tracheabifurcates to form right and left mainstem or main bronchi.

right side: 20-3o degree angle to trachea,

left side forms 45-55 degree angle

lungs are composite of

blood

arterial and venous network

connective tissue

respiratory pathway

tissue specialized for gas exchage.

smaller tubes

14generations of bronchial tree in left lung

28 generations in right lung

Mediastinal

third level of division the bronchi divides repeatedly into smaller and smaller cartilaginous tubes with the final tube being the terminal.

important division or repeated branching has important effect on respiratory function. 

latin

pertaining to the lungs

follow the bronchial tree

serving the gass exchange process at the alveolar level

is generally considered to be a product of a modern society that has not solved its pollution problems. results from smoking, living industrail environment

slow progression

MECHANISM1:ciliated epithelia waste removel is hampered by pollutants, destroy epithelia in early stage.

2. flared out rib cage diaphragm contraction pulls rib cage down and medially reduces size of thorax

3.respiratory failure pneumonia

the lungs and inner thoracic wall are completely covered with pleural lining.

provides a means of smooth contact for rough tissue.

mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement and inspiration.

the lungs are encased in this lining.

locations

mediastinal:covers mediastinum

pericardial

diaphragmatic:covers diaphragm

parietal

apical pleurae

latin   tiny viens

continuous with parietal pleurae

wrappings completely encase both lungs and inner thorax

provides airtight seal to permit lungs to follow movement of thorax

when fluid is lost or reduced in pleural linings lungs effecting movement

making respiration less efficient

is located deep within the thorax

the heart is encased in medialtinal pleurae, along w/nerves, blood vessels, the esophagus, and lymph vessels.

lies deep to the bony thorax and its muscular coverings nestled deep to the lungs.

HIATUS

AN OPENING

they decend through the diaphragm adjacent to the esophagus through the esophagus to innervate the abdominal viscera.

QUIET INSPIRATION: requires only one muscle

FORCED INSPIRATION: requires many more muscles.

one way to expand the thorax is to increase its vertical dimension which occurs with both quiet/forced.

CRURA

CROSSES

THE VERTEBRAL ATTACHMENT IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CRURA

 is a crescent shaped aponeurosis that is white and translucent.

conforms to vertebral column in thoracic cavity.

shape mimics curvature of transverse thoracic cavity.

flexible

no contractile qualities.

depends on diaphragm for movement.

heart is above central tendon

provide strong secure floor for mediastinal organ.

PHRENIC NERVE

INNERVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM

decends deep to the omohyoidand sternocleidomastoid muscles and superfical to scalenus muscle into mediastinal space on both sides of heart.

CERVICAL PLEXUS

ORIGIN OF PHRENIC NERVES

A PLEXUS IS A GROUP OF NERVES COMING TOGETHER FOR COMMON PURPOSE

from spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5 both sides of spinal cord

diaphragm

the primary muscle of inspiration

the dividing point between the thorax and abdomen

Central Tendon

the fibers of the diaphragm pull on the central tendon, resulting in downward motion of the diaphragm during inspiration, and this movement expands the lungs in the vertical dimension

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL

MUSCLES POSITIONEDSO THAT WHEN THEY CONTRACT, THE ENTIRE RIB CAGE ELEVATES, WTH MOST OF THE DISTANCE MOVED BEING IN THE FRONT ASPECT.

MOST SIGNIFICANT RESPIRATORY MUSCLES FOR SPEECH. PROVIDE SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THE TOAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY

PERFORM SPEECH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

LOCATION: BETWEEN 12RIBS LOWER SURFACE  AND THORAX

PROVIDING RIBS WITH UNITY AND MOBILITY

COVERED IN TRANSLUCENT INTERCOSTAL MEMBRANE

NEAR THE STERNUM

PORTION OF THE INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EMCOMPASSING THE CHONFRAL ASPECT OF THE RIBS.

ACTIVE DURING FORCED INSPIRATION

assistants in respiration

levatores costarum(brevis and longis)

brevis: portions of the levator originate on the transverse processes of vertebrae C7 through T11 for a total of 12 levator costarum brevis muscles

Course: obliquely down and out to insert into the tubercle of the rib below.

serratus posterior superior

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

MUSCLE MAKES A DIRECT ATTACHMENT TO STERNUMAND ELEVATES THAT STRUCTURE W/RIB CAGE.

muscle of the neck

muscles of inspiration

(muscles of the neck)

1. scalenus anterior

2. scalenus medius

3. scalenus posterior

provide stability to the head and facilitate rotation

PECTORALIS MAJOR

PECTORALIS MINOR

SERRATUS ANTERIOR

SUBCLAVIUS

LEVATOR SCAPULAE

RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR

RHOMBOIDEUS MINOR TRAPEZIUS

origin: sternal head: length of sternum at costal cartillages

clavicular head: anterior clavicle

Course: fan-like latrally, converging at humerus

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

innervation: superior branc of the branchial plexus(speinal nerves C4-C7 and T1)

function: elevates sternum, and subsequently increases transverse dimension of rib cage.

Serratus Anterior

Fibers of the serratus anterior arise form ribs 1-9

side of thorax

crossing up on the inner vertebral border of scapula

sawlike(knife)

Subclavis

muscle course under clavicle

origin: inferior surface of clavicle

course: oblique and medial

insertion: superior surface of rib1 at chondral margin

innervation: brachial plexus, lateral branch, from spinal nerve 5 and 6

Function: elevates rib 1

Levator Scapulae

muscle

Origin: transverse processes fo C1-C4

Course: Down

Insertion: medial border of scapula

innervation: C3-C5 of cervical plexus

Function: neck support,elevates scapula

Rhomboideus Major and Minor

Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5

Course: down and laterally in

insertion: scapula

innervation: spinal C5 from the dorsal scapular nerve of upper root of branchial plexus

Function: Stabilizes shoulder girdle

Origin: Spinous processes of C7 and T1

Course: Down and laterally in

Insertion: medial border of scapula

innervation: spinal C5 from the dorsal scapular nerve of upper root of branchial plexus

function: stabilizes shoulder girdle

Trapezuis

Origin: Spinous processes of C2 to T12

Course: fan laterally

Insertion: acromion of scapula and superior surface of clavicle

innervation: XI accessory, spinal branch arising from spinal cord in the region of C2-C4 or C5

Function: elongates neck, controls head

internal intercoastal muscles

innermost intercostal muscles

transverse thoracis muscles

anterior abdomen

muscles include:

internal

external oblique

abdominis

transversus abdominis

rectus abdominis

quadratus lumborum

iliacus

psoas major

psoas minor

latissimus dorsi: support expiratory efforts

support rib cage during lifting

other body gestures

Muscles of the Thorax

intrnal intercostal (interosseous portion)

transversus thoracis

innermost intercostals

Internal intercoastal

origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11

course: down and lateral

insertion: superior surface of the rib below

innervation: intercostal nerves, thoraic intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerve from T7-T11

function: depresses ribs 1-11

Innermost Intercoastal

Origin: inferior margin of rib 1-11, sparse or absent in superior thorax

Course: down and lateral

Insertion: superior surface of the rib below

innervation: intercostal nerves: thoracic intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11

Function: depresses ribs 1-11

Transversus Thoracis

Origin: inner thoracic lateral margin of sternum

course: laterally

insertion: inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6

innervation: thoracic intercostal nerves and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves derived from T2-T12 spinal nerves.

Function: depresses rib cage

Posterior Thoracic Muscles

Subcostals

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Subcostal

Origin: inner posterior thorax;sparse in upper thorax

from inner surface of rib nar angle

Course: Down and Later

insertion: inner surface of second or third rib below

innervation: intercostal nerves of thorax,arising from the ventral rami of the spinal nerves

function: depresses thorax

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Origin: Spinous processes of T11,T12,L1-L3

Course: up and laterally

insertion:lower margin of ribs 7-12

innervation: intercostal nerves from T9-T11 and subcostal nerve form T12

function: contraction of these muscles tends to pull rib cage down, support expiratory effort.

Linea

white line

runs from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

forming the midline structure for muscular attachment.

Anterolateral abdominal muscles

transverse abdominis

internal oblique abdominis

external oblique abdominis rectus abdominis

Transversus abdominis

origin: posterior abdominal wsll at the vertebral column via the thoracolumbar fascia of the abdominal aponeurosis

course; Lateral

insertion: transversus abdominis aponeurosis and inner surface of ribs 6-12, interdigitating at that point wit the fibers of the diaphragm, inferior most attachment is at the pubis

innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves from the lower spinal intercostal nerves T7-T12 and first lumbar nerve, illohypogastric and illoinguinal branches

Function: Comresses Abdomen

Internal Oblique Abdomins

Origin: inguinal ligament and iliac crest

Course: fans medially

insertion: cartilaginous portion of lower ribs and the portion of the abdominal aponeurosis lateral to the rectus abdominis

innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves form the lower spinal intercostal nerves T7-T12 and first lumbar nerve, illohypogastric and ilioinguinal branches

Function: rotates trunk, flexes trunk,compresses abdomen

External Oblique Abdominis

Origin: osseous portion of the lower seven ribs

course: fan downward

insertion: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and abdominal aponeurosis later to rectus abdominis

innervation: thoracoabdominal nerve arising from T7-T11 and subcostal nerve from T12

Function: bilateral contraction flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen, unilateral contraction results in trunk rotation.

Rectus Abdominis

Origin: as four or five segments at pubis inferiorly

course: up to segment border

insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and the cartilage of ribs 5-7,lower ribs

innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve from T12.

Function: flexion of vertebral column

Quadratus Lumborum

Origin: iliac crest

course: fan up and in

insertion: transverse processes of the lumbar vertebre and inferior border of rib 12

innervation: thoracic nerve T12 and L1-L4 lumbar nerves

Function: bilateral contraction fixes abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression

Latissimus Dorsi

(widest)

origin: lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae

course: up fanlike

insertion: humerus

innervation: brachial plexus, posterior branch, fibers from the regions C6-C8 form the long subscapular nerve

function: for respiration, stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

summary

to inflate the lungs, you need to expand the cavity that holds them so air can rush in.

to do this you can either increase the long dimension fairly easily by contracting the diaphragm or you can elevate the rib cage with just a littel bit more effort.

forced expiration: reverses this processes by pulling the thorax down and in and by forcing the diaphragm higher into the thorax.