Term
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Definition
-Seperates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
-Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
-Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein that provides specific markers by which cells recognize one another |
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Term
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Definition
-Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins
-Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
-found only in the outer membrane surface
-20% of all membrane lipid is cholesterol |
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Term
| Functions of Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
-Transport
-Enzymatic Activity
-Receptors for signal transduction
-Intercellular adhesion
-Cell-Cell recognition
-Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Membrane Junctions: Tight Junction |
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Definition
| Impermeable junction that encircles the cell |
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Term
| Membrane Junctions:Desmosome |
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Definition
| Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells |
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Term
| Membrane Junctions:Gap Junctions |
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Definition
| A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
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Term
| Diffusion Through The Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis |
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Definition
-Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane
-Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmolarity - total concentration of solute particles in a solution
Tonicity - how a solution affects cell volume |
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Term
| Passive Membrane Transport: Filtration |
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Definition
-The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
-Pressure Gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area |
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Term
| Effects of Solutions of Varying Tonicity |
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Definition
Isotonic - solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
Hypertonic - solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Hypotonic - solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
-Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
-Requires carrier proteins |
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Term
| Types of Active Transport |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes
Exocytosis- moves substane from the cell interior to the extracellular spae
Endocytosis- enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell
....- moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell
Phagocytosis- pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior
Fluid-phase endocytosis- the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage across a membrane |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
-Results from Na+(sodium) and K+(potassium) concentration gradients across the membrane
-Differential permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ and K+
-Steady state - potential maintained by active transport of ions |
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Term
| Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) |
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Definition
-Anchor cells to the extracellular matrix
-Assist in movement of cells past one another
-Rally protective white blood cells to injured or infected areas |
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Term
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Definition
Cytoplasm- material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol- largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
Cytoplasmic Organelles- metabolic machinery of the cell
Inclusions- chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen granules, and pigment |
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Term
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Definition
-Specialized cellular compartments:
-Membranous
-Nonmembranous |
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Term
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Definition
-Double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae
-Provide most of the cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
-Contain their own DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
-Granules containing protein and rRNA
-Site of protein synthesis |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
-Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae
-Continuous with the nuclear membrane
-Two varieties - Rough ER and Smooth ER |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) |
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Definition
-External surface studded with ribsomes
-Manufactures all secreted proteins
-Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes |
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Term
| Mechanism of Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
| Linking together amino acid |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) |
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Definition
-Tubules arranged in a looping network
-Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of the body
-In the liver
-In the testes
-In the intestinal cells
-In skeletal and cardiac muscle |
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Term
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Definition
-Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
-Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins
-Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus
-Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
-Sphericle membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
-Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
-Degrade nonfunctional organelles
-Breakdown nonuseful tissue
-Breakdown bone to release Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
-Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases
-Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
-Neutralize dangerous free radicals
-Free radicals- highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O2-) |
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Term
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Definition
-The "skeleton" of the cell
-Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol
-Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Term
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Definition
-Small barrel-shaped organeles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
-Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
-Form the bases of cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| Whip-like, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells |
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