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-Columbus discovers America.....
-Death of Lorenzo de Medici......
-End of Mohammadedan stae of Granada in Spain. |
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-France invades Italy.....
-Treaty of Tordesillas......
-Hanseatic factory in Novgorod closed by Russians |
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| Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper (1503: Mona Lisa) |
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-Vasco da Gama reaches Inida via Cape of Good Hope
-Savonarola, (Italian reformer. A Dominican friar, he gained a vast popular following and drove the Medici family out of Florence in 1494.) was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing Pope Alexander VI in Florence |
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| Death of Pope Alexander VI |
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| Michelangelo, Ceiling of Sistine Chapel |
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-Balboa reaches Pacific shores by crossing continent Vespucci found.
-Machiavelli, The Prince |
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-Raphael, Sistine Madonna
-Thomas More, Utopia |
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| German theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church. A special place in literary achievemnt belongs to Luther (translated Bible into German) Prepared the way for the High German Tongue spoken today. |
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| German poet and humanist sang "joy to live" |
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-The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.
-The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times. |
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(1st Estate)
The body of people ordained for religious service. consisted of higher prelates, humble priests, and monks. Participated in political struggles and worldly pleasures. Showed interest in art, devotion to science, ablility in languages, etc. Soon, low morals, lack of training, neglect duty charachterized even certain reforming groups. Thus the clergy lost both respect and importance |
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| Pope Alexander VI, Originally Rodrigo Borgia. 1431-1503 |
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| Pope (1492-1503) noted as a patron of the arts and for his corrupt papacy, (office and jurisdiction of a pope) |
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(2nd Estate)
-played lesser role in military (princes had to hire soldiers to do fighting)
-Turned mind increasingly to the pursuit of industry and trade. Mainly acquired land.
-Used it for production of industrial crops, exploited its mineral resources.
-Women attained high positions but were still looked down upon
-women served as queens, regents, diplomats, and administrators of estates.
-some women worked as doctors lawyers, and teachers. |
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(3rd estate)
-A citizen of a town or borough
-merchants and bankers rose to prominence
-differences between standards of rich and poor
-rich-praticipated in Renaissance pleasures and aspirations.
poor-more limited in search for pleasure
-new standards of morality began to emerge emphasizing restraint, sobriety, frugality, and duty. This was excelerated due to religious reform movements, worsening of economic conditions of lower classees from unemployment, rising prices, and beginning capitalism.
-Crime increased |
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| Fugger Family of Augsburg |
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| Family of German financiers who exerted great economic and political influence in the 15th and 16th centuries. silver and coppermining, wholesale trade, and banking. influenced emperors and kings of Germany, England, Spain, and Portugal. |
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vast majority of population in Europe. Considerable changes also occured. In the East, (Poland & Russia) slavery of peasants increased, but in the central and west, it continued to decrease.
Changes in Agricultural production reduced the amount of serfs or slaves. This emancipation helped and hurt peasents. After freed, some left places worst than at home. Security was a problem as well |
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| Gospel, Gold, and Glory-the deisre to convert others, to enrich themselves, and to win fame |
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| undertook the first circumnavigation around the earth. After being killed one of the five ships made it back to Spain. |
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| reached the North American continent near Labrador. |
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| conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico |
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| Conquered for the Spanish the Inca Empire in Peru. |
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| established in 1493. It was the Pope's division of the New World between the Spanish and Portuguese. Amended one year later by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Which assigned Portugal the East, and Spain the western colonies |
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| provided enormous quantities of gold and silver. new source of food, fish. this overshadowed mining. new products such as maize and potatoes, were introduced as well. |
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| discoveries strengthened monarchs. New trade centers made. Atlantic sea routes grew compared to Mediterranean and Baltic sea routes. Redistribution of power resutling form acqusition of colonies led to trade supremacy and new wars |
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| Discoveries benefited merchants in Burgher class. Populations grew. New lands led to emigration. Thinking habits changed due to new lands discovered. Discoveres changed ways of life in accordance with European desires and customs. |
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| Expansion of markets and developement of a money economy led to the rise of modern capitalism and private enterprise. The Fugger family of Augsburg represented entrepreneurial activity of a new magnitude and importance. Due to capitalistic views new business structures were made like joint stock companies. This is where corporations of merchant adventureres who pooled their resources- at first temporarily for one specific undertaking, later permanently for repeated ventures. One of the most famious joint stock companies was the Muscovy company in England. In the mid 16th century, it secured a monopoly over the russian trade. Provisions for greater credit facilities (for bills of exchange and for paper certificates), new tools used in the mining and textile industries and more rational division of labor through specialization in production methods all further augmented Europe's economic potential |
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| they established new overseas production centers for Old World products such as sugar. They exported horses cattle and agricultural products. Introduced produce such as potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, maize, and quinine. Also increased the imports of coffee, rice, silk, and cotton. From Newfoundland, they brough fish; from China; tea. Jewelery trade expanded from silver and gold made use of Indian pearls and rubies. Slaves were transported from Africa for labor supply for New World. Spanish, Portuguese, and later, English traders specialized in slave traffic. |
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| Philosophy of Mercantilism |
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| The ideal of Mercantilism was to strengthen the position of their nation. Believing position of a nation depends on the bullion amassed by it. A nation should export more than import. Sought to acheive this by increased industrial production, establishment and exploitation of colonies, monopolization of crucial raw materials, and by building up both a merchant marine and carrying trade that would be able to exclude competitors. Government interference was tolerated in economic affairs. |
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| Agriculture adapted as well with Commercial farming of industrial products that yielded higher returns .......Once peasents left to other cities, their land was sold for profit........Many farms were established and worked by an impoverish laboring class.......In Spain and England, farms were enclosed for sheep grazing and wool production |
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| In Italy-Davinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian (Sculpter Charles V).............In Germany-Durer, Cranach (Luther), and Holbein (Erasmus, Anne of Cleves)......,..... England none to offer.......France-Jean Clouet (Francis I)........the realistic forms of objects and persons in sculpture and painting set a new standard from the past.......Abandoning the 2D, and gold backgrounds in painting, they replaced with beautiful backgrounds. |
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| "Golden Age of Song".....Flourishing of the Motet, and the madrigal (both composisitions for voices the former on sacred, the latter on secular texts)......The art of singing was promoted by guilds....The catholic church and religious reformers (Luther) played with organ music and encouraged singing among the community. |
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| Luther favored the widespread of reading and writing. Advocated kindness toward children and disciplining pupils. Demand for books accelerated. |
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| Its interest in classical studies and in things human rather than otherworldly....Erasmus of Rotterdam, wrote the praise of Folly, which ridiculed such human weaknesses as avarice, credulity, and gluttony. Erasmus opposed violence, and coarseness of the age. Other humanists Thomas More and poet Ulrich von Hutten, and Johann Reuchilin....Writers combined pagan and Christian heritage and published widely read works of lasting merit; Guicciardini's history of Italy, Gomara's history of America, Vasari's lives of Italian artists, and Benvenuto Cellinis famous autobiography |
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| Best known poet was Italian Ariosto, who was by no means a good writer. |
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| Attention grew closer to investigation of natural phenomena. New knowledge was gained in geography and antropology......Copernicus showedthe Earth circles around the sun......growing understanding of human physiology.....Vesalius dissected and described the human body......da Vinci examined organs...... Servetus saw pulmonary circulation of the blood.......Paracelsus sought new theraputic methods........Gesner compose history of animals .......Agricola study mineralogy. many scientists attempted to solve mysteries of life and nature with the help of astrology, alchemy, and plain magic. |
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| Many works appeared discussing the duties of princes and of highborn ladies. Erasmus wrote a book on the subject. More influential was the internationally used Courtier by Castiglioni, the standard work on courtly manners and on Christian behavior in public affairs. |
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