Term
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Definition
| an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occuring prior to a behavior of interest |
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Term
| Automaticity of reinforcement |
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Definition
"refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence. Or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to "work"
Behavior is modified by its consequence regardless of whether the individual is aware they are being reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| "an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior" |
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Term
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Definition
| "the activity of living organisms; human behavior includes everything that people do. ""That portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment""" |
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Term
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Definition
| "a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior; possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination" |
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Term
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Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| a learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. sound of the fridge door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g. salivation); each person's repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another __ |
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Term
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Definition
| "a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states, have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect." |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables |
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Term
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Definition
| describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (eg. withholding a person's access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session) |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
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Term
| discriminative stimulus (S-delta) |
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Definition
| a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an SD increases the momentary frequency of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e. responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequenc y of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| habilitation (adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short and long term punishers are minimized |
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Term
| higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Term
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Definition
| an inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particuar response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire |
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Term
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Definition
| "an environmental varibale that (a) alters (increase or decrease) the reinforceing or punishing effectivemness of some stimulus, object, or evert; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event." |
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Term
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Definition
| when the frequency of a behavior increases because past responses have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| "behavior that is selected, amintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)" |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| the history of the natural evolution of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| "a statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time (eg. extinction, positive reinforcement); an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation" |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| "a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (eg. bright light-pupil contraction). Unconditioned and conditioned _____ protect against harmful stimuli, help regulate the internal balance and economy of the organism, and promote reproduction." |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task |
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Term
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Definition
| "the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli" |
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Term
| respondent conditioning (Pavlov) |
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Definition
| a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (UN) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer elicits the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| "a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment" |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer |
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Term
| selection by consequences |
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Definition
| "the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of operant behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime; Skinner's concept of selection by consequences is parallel to Darwin's concept of natural selection of genetic structures in the evolution of species" |
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Term
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Definition
| an energe change that affects an arganism through its receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| "a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (eg. size, color, physical features), temporal (eg. antecedent or consequent), and/or functional (eg. discriminative stimulus) dimensions" |
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Term
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Definition
| "a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus." |
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Term
| stimulus-stimulus pairing |
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Definition
| "a procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other animals" |
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Term
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Definition
| "the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of orerant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence" |
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Term
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Definition
| "a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned punishers are products of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny), meaning that all members of a species are more or less susceptible to punishment by the rpesentation of unconditioned punishers (also called primary or unlearned punishers)" |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny). Also called primary or unlearned reinforcer. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| That portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time; the duration of a given behavioral event |
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Term
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events; often measured in latency and IRT; when in time a specific behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly throughout time, one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived: the frequency with which a behavior occurs over time. |
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Term
| Three dimensions of behavior measurement |
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Definition
| Temporal extent, Temporal locus, repeatability |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical shape of form of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
group of stimuli that share a set of common elements in one or more dimensions.
1. temporally-when, in respect to behavior
2. formally: physical features
3. Functionally: effect on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| The process and selective effects of consequences on behavior. |
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Term
| Difference between Operant and Respondent/Classical |
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Definition
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