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| We tend to assign causal status to events that immediately precede behavior, and when causal variables are not readily apparent in the immediate surrounding environment, the tendency to turn to _____ is strong. |
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| _____ such as willpower and drive are explanatory fictions that bring us no closer to understanding the behaviors they claim to explain and lead to circular reasoning. |
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| Skinner (1953) conceptualized self-control as a ____ phenomenon: The [controlling response] affects variables in such a way as to change the probability of the other, the [controlled response]. |
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| We define ____ as the personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior. |
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| Self-management is a _____ concept. A behavior change program may entail a small degree of self-management or be totally conceived, designed, and implemented by the person. |
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| We recommend that self-management be used in reference to a person acting in some way ___ his subsequent behavior. |
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| ____ implies that the ultimate control of behavior lies within the person, but the causal factors for "self-control" are to be found in a person's experiences with his environment. |
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| Self-control "seems to suggest controlling a ___ or that there is a ___ controlling external behavior" (Baum, 1994) |
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| ____ implies that the ultimate control of behavior lies within the person, but the causal factors for "self-control" are to be found in a person's experiences with his environment. |
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| Self-control "seems to suggest controlling a ___ or that there is a ___ controlling external behavior" (Baum, 1994) |
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| Self-control is also used to refer to a person's ability to ____ by responding to achieve a delayed, but larger or higher quality reward instead of acting to obtain an immediate, less valuable reward. |
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| Four uses of Self Management |
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Definition
- live a more effective and efficient daily life
- break bad habits and acquiring good ones
- accomplish difficult tasks
- achieve personal lifestyle goals |
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| Self-managment can influence behaviors ___ to external change agents. |
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| External change agents often ____ important instances of behavior. |
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| generalization & maintenance |
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| Self-management can promote the ____ of behavior change. |
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| A small repertoire of ____ can control many behaviors. |
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| People with ____ can learn self-managment. |
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| Some people perform better under ___ tasks and performance criteria. |
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| People with good self-managment skills contribute to more ___ group environments. |
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| Teaching students self-management skills provides ____ for other areas of the curriculum. |
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| Self-managment is an ultimate goal of ____. |
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| Self-managment benefits ____. |
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| Self-managment helps a person ____. |
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| Self-managment feels ___. |
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| _____ self-managment tactics feature the manipulation of events or stimuli antecedent to the target (controlled) behavior. |
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| ____ is a procedure whereby a person observes and responds to, usually be recording, the behavior he is trying to change. |
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| Originally developed as a method of ____ for collecting data on behaviors that only the client could observe, self-monitoring evolved into the most widely used and studied self-managment strategy because it often results in desired behavior change. |
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| Self-monitoring is often combined with goal setting and ____. A person using ____ compares her performance with a predetermined goal or standard. |
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| Self-monitoring is often part of an ___ that includes reinforcement for meeting either self- or teacher-selected goals. |
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| It is difficult to determine exactly how self-monitoring works because the procedure necessarily includes, and is therefore confounded by, _____ (cover verbal behavior); it often includes either explicit or implicit contingencies of reinforcement. |
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| Children can be taught to self-monitor and self-record their behavior accurately by means of a _____, in which the child is rewarded initially for producing the data that match the teacher's or parent's data. over time the child is required to match the adult's record less often, eventually monitoring the behavior independently. |
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| ____ of self-monitoring is neither necessary not sufficient to achieve improvement in the behavior being monitored. |
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| Suggested Guidelines for Self-Monitoring |
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Definition
- Provide materials that make it easy.
- Provide supplementary cues or prompts
- Self-Monitor the most important dimension of the target behavior.
- Do it early and often, but do not interrupt the flow of a desired behavior targeted for increase.
- Reinforce accurate self-monitoring. |
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Term
| self-reinforcement (as also, self-punishment) |
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Definition
| As a technical term, _____ is a misnomer. |
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Term
| Self-administered contingencies |
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Definition
| _____ analogous to positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment can be incorporated into self-management programs. |
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| When using self-administered consequences, a person should: |
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- Select small, easy-to-deliver consequences
- Set meaningful but easy-to-meet criterion for reinforcement
- Eliminate "bootleg reinforcement"
- If necessary, put someone else in control of delivery consequences.
- Use the least complicated and intrusive contingencies that will be effective. |
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| _____ (talking to oneself) can function as controlling responses (verbal mediators) that affect the occurrence of other behaviors. |
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Definition
| ____ is a multiple component treatment package in which clients are taught to self-monitor their unwanted habits and interrupt the behavior chain as early as possible by engaging in a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| ____ is a behavior therapy treatment for anxieties, fears, and phobias that involves substituting one behavior, generally muscle relaxation, for the unwanted behavior - the fear and anxiety. |
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| Self-Directed Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| ____ involves developing a hierarchy of situations from the least to the most fearful and the learning to relax while imaging those anxiety-producing situation, first the least fearful situation, then the next fearful one, and so on. |
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Definition
| ____, forcing oneself to perform an undesired behavior again and again, can decrease the future frequency of behavior. |
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| behavior changes behavior |
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Definition
| The most fundamental principle of self-managment is that ____. |
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