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| the prime minister in the weak Russian provisional government |
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| the author of the first German plan of attack during World War I. Under the Schlieffen plan, Germany would deploy a minimal number of troops to Russian while most of the army invaded France. After France was defeated, the Germany army was to redeploy to the east against Russia |
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| Lenin's blueprint for revolutionary action. Lenin maintained that Russia could move directly into socialism instead of first experiencing a bourgeois revolution, as orthodox Marxists had argued was necessary |
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| a Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom. The young Bosnian activist Gavrillo Princip, who assassinated the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia, on June 28, 1914, worked for this group |
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| the Red secret police who instituted the Red Terror, which aimed to destroy all those who opposed the new Communist regime |
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| David Lloyd George the prime minister of Great Britain who won a decisive electoral victory in December of 1918 on a platform of making the Germans pay for the Great War |
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| an act passed by the British parliament that allowed the public authorities to arrest war dissenters as traitors and to censor newspapers by deleting objectionable material or even suspending publication |
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| the violence that erupted on Easter Sunday (April 24) in 1916. After members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens army occupied government buildings in Dublin, British forces crushed the uprising and then condemned its leaders to death |
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| a mining town in the Urals where the Russian tsar and his family were murdered on the night of July 16, 1918. Their bodies were burned in a nearby mine shaft |
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| the Socialist leader of the new German republic of 1918 |
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| the site of a disastrous campaign for the British that caused them to withdraw from their efforts to open a Balkan front |
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| the French premier who, following the German defeat in World War I, sought a demilitarized German military, vast German reparations to pay for the cost of the war, and a separate Rhineland as a buffer state between France and Germany. |
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| the French general who led the French forces in stopping the Germans at the First Battle of the Marne. Unable to pursue his advantage, the war on the Western Front quickly turned into a stalemate. |
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| a British passenger liner sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915. More than one hundred Americans lost their lives. |
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| the commanding general of the Germany army who won decisive battles against the Russians during World War I. By 1916 he came to control the government and virtually became a military dictator of Germany. |
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| a Siberian peasant believed by Alexandra, wife of Tsar Nicholas II, to be a holy man. His influence made him a power behind the throne, and he did not hesitate to intervene in government affairs. In December 1916, he was assassinated by conservative aristocrats who had become disenchanted with the monarchy. |
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| payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I. |
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| one of the leaders of the radical, left-wing socialists who formed the German Communist Party in 1918. |
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| the peace treaty signed by Russia and Germany in which Russia gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces. |
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| the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (and Austria) were responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war. |
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| an armed uprising against the Weimar government that was staged by Hitler and the Nazis in Munich on November 8, 1923. |
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| an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition. |
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| the Spanish general who led the military forces in a revolt against Spain's Popular Front government; the uprising inaugurated a brutal and bloody civil war that lasted for three years. |
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| the coordination of all institutions under Nazi control. |
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| the leader of the German government in the period between the wars. He ended the policy of passive resistance and committed Germany to carry out most of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles while seeking a new settlement of the reparations question. |
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| Hitler Youth; an organization for boys developed because it was believed that the early indoctrination of the nation's youth would lay the foundation for a strong totalitarian state. |
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| Hitler's airplane campaign that had him speaking in fifty cities in fifteen days. |
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| a Cambridge economist who argued that unemployment stemmed not from overproduction but from a decline in demand and that demand could be increased by public works, financed, if necessary, through deficit spending to stimulate production. |
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| an agreement made in February 1929 in which Mussolini's regime recognized the sovereign independence of a small enclave of 109 acres within Rome, known as Vatican City; in return, the papacy recognized the Italian state; also guaranteed the church a large financial grant and recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of the state; in return, the Catholic church urged Italians to support the Fascist regime. |
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| living space. The doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus, a nation must expand to be strong. |
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| the Socialist leader who served as prime minister of France during the first Popular Front government, which was formed in June 1936. |
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| a calculated bluff by Mussolini and the Fascists to frighten the Italian government into giving them power. It worked, and the government capitulated even before the march occurred. On October 29, 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime minister of Italy. |
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| Hitler's written account of his movement and its underlying ideology; expressed extreme nationalism, virulent anti-Semitism and anti-Communism, and a social Darwinian theory of struggle that stressed Lebensraum and the right of superior individuals to secure authoritarian leadership over the masses. |
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| the conservative French government led by Raymond PoincarŽ that sought to use German reparations to rebuild the devastated areas of northern and eastern France, which resulted in PoincarŽ's hard-line policy toward Germany and the Ruhr invasion. The party was voted out of power after being forced to raise taxes in 1924 to pay for the Ruhr fiasco. |
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Lenin's New Economic Policy for Russia, which was a modified version of the old capitalist system. Peasants could return to selling their produce openly, while small industries employing fewer than twenty workers could
operate; heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hand of the government. |
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| a German writer whose Decline of the West emphasized the decadence of Western civilization and posited its collapse. The work reflect the disillusionment many Europeans felt following the Great War. |
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| a Spanish artist who became a master of Surrealism, an artistic movement that sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, or nightmares. |
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| the prime minister who led the Conservatives in guiding Britain during an era of renewed prosperity from 1925 to 1929. |
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| a 1925 agreement that guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium; was viewed by many as the beginning of a new era of European peace. |
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| the Works Progress Administration, part of a stepped-up program of public works established in 1935 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. |
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