Term
| Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Bacterial |
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Definition
Signs and symptoms
Caries – appear as holes or pits in the teeth, pain or temperature sensitivity of teeth.
Periodontal disease – gums that are swollen, tender, bright red, or that bleed, loose teeth, foul breath.
Pathogen and virulence factors
Caries – Streptococcus mutans is a frequent cause along with high sucrose consumption
Periodontal disease – Porphyromonas gingivalis |
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Term
| Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Bacterial |
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Definition
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Caries
Diagnosed by visual inspection
Treated by filling cavities if caught early, preventable by fluoride treatments.
Gingivitis
Diagnosed by inspection of gums, Prevention involves good oral hygiene (flossing, brushing)
Treated by removal of plaque and tartar (professional routine dental cleanings) |
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Term
| Bacterial Gastroenteritis |
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Definition
Inflammation of the stomach or intestines due to the presence of bacteria
Associated with contaminated foods or water and poor living conditions
General features
Similar manifestations despite different causative agents
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cramps
Dysentery, a severe gastroenteritis, produces loose, frequent stool containing mucus and blood
Cholera- profuse, watery diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogen- Vibrio cholerae
Transmission- fecal contamination of food or water. Frequently seen in aftermath of war or natural disasters.
Symptoms- copious “rice water” stool, severe dehydration, shock
Treatment- tetracycline, immediate rehydration and electrolyte replacement
Prevention- water disinfection, proper sewage disposal, hand-washing. Proper handling and cooking of food. |
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Term
| Bacterial Gastroenteritis: Traveler’s Diarrhea |
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Definition
Pathogen and virulence factors
Caused by Escherichia coli
Virulence factors include adhesins, fimbriae, toxins. Infants and travelers at highest risk
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Diarrhea mediated by enterotoxins
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis based on signs and symptoms
Treatment based on fluid and electrolytes replacement |
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Term
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Definition
*Pathogen and virulence factors Caused by Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei
*Diagnosis based on symptoms –blood and mucus in stool and presence of Shigella. Supportive treatment and administration of antimicrobials
*colonizes cells of the small, then large intestine |
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Term
| Salmonellosis, Typhoid fever |
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Definition
Symptoms- 8-48hr incubation, fever, diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, in severe cases peritonitis, and septicemia
Transmission- fecal contamination of food or water, undercooked meats and eggs, inoculation of food by a carrier or insect vector. Handling birds and reptiles |
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Term
| Salmonellosis, Typhoid fever |
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Definition
Treatment – Ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, rehydration
Prevention- thorough cooking of food, hand washing, fly control, chlorination of drinking water |
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Diarrhea (with foul smell), pain, fever, blood in stool, may be fatal.
Causative Agent/Contributing factors: Clostridium dificile (C. dif) overgrowth following antibiotic therapy (clindamycin). Diabetics and elderly at highest risk.
Prevention/Treatment: Probiotics, metronidazole and/or vancomycin antibiotics. |
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Term
| Staphylococcal food poisoning (Intoxication) |
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Definition
Signs and symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping with rapid or sudden onset (minutes to hours)
Pathogen and virulence factors
Caused by Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| Staphylococcal food poisoning (Intoxication) |
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Definition
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Outbreaks associated with temperature abuse of pre-cooked foods, deli meats, custards, chicken salad, food served at social functions
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
replenish electrolytes and fluid |
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Term
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificans Gastroenteritis |
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Definition
:Symptoms/Diagnosis: A rapid onset food intoxication ( <24hrs)
abdominal pain, burning sensation, nausea, vomiting and watery stool.
Causative agent/Contributing factors: V. parahaemolyticus can contaminate shellfish (clams, oysters, mussels).
Transmission: Uncooked shellfish is the vehicle of V. vulnificans. Severe intoxications may lead to permanent paralysis and death.
Prevention/Treatment: Rehydration as needed for uncomplicated symptoms |
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Term
| Assorted bacterial fooborne intoxications: |
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Definition
Symptoms/Diagnosis: The ubiquitous symptom for all of these diseases is diarrhea, fever, cramps, and nausea.
Transmission: contamination of food and ingestion of toxins, non-communicable
Causative agent/Contributing factors: Improperly cooked or improperly stored foods are the most common cause. Typically milk, meats, and certain vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
Portal of entry: Mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and fecal/oral route.
Signs/Symptoms: Parotitis, face pain, fever, sore throat, orchitis in adult males may lead to sterility.
Diagnosis: Symptoms are usually diagnostic
Treatment: Supportive care for symptoms
Prevention: MMR vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Pathogens and pathogenesis
Caused: astroviruses, rotaviruses
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention:
based on fluid and electrolytes replacement,Vaccine for rotavirus exists |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms
Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, appetite loss
Symptoms may occur years after initial infection
Host immune responses are responsible for much of the liver damage seen with hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
Diagnosis: Initial diagnosis includes observation of jaundice, enlarged liver, or fluid in the abdomen
HBV is viral proteins in body fluids
Treatment: Supportive care for symptoms.
Prevention:practicing good hygiene and protected sex or abstinence
Vaccines are available against HAV and HBV (Havrix, VAQTA, Twinrix) |
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Term
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Definition
Signs/Symptoms: Greasy, frothy, fatty diarrhea with a terrible odor, abdominal distention, cramps
Susceptibility: Hikers and campers and others that may drink contaminated water
Treatment: Metronidazole for adults; Furazolidone for children
Prevention: Good hygiene and avoid consuming untreated water |
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Term
| Amebiasis (amoebic dysentery) |
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Definition
Cause: Entamoeba histolytica
Portal of entry:Fecal contamination
Signs/Symptoms: Pain, cramping, blood in stool, bloating; Invasive extraintestinal amebiasis-necrotic lesions in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, or brain
Treatment: Oral rehydration and(“Flagyl”) |
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Term
| Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract |
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Definition
Helminths are macroscopic, multicellular worms
Helminths can infest the GI tract as non-disease-causing parasites
Tapeworm is the common name for a cestode
Flat, segmented, parasitic helminth
Tapeworms exist as intestinal parasites that lack their own digestive systems.
Infection occurs via ingestion of worm eggs or worms encysted in uncooked meats (beef, pork, fish). |
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Term
| Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract |
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Definition
transmission: Highest incidence is in regions of inadequate sewage treatment and where humans live in close contact with livestock
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention: presence of proglottids in fecal sample
Treated with niclosamide or praziquantel
Prevention relies on thorough cooking of meats |
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Term
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Definition
Signs and symptoms: symptomatic infection includes perianal itching, irritability, decreased appetite
Itching results from the presence of eggs deposited in the perianal region at night by female pinworms
Pathogen:Enterobius vermicularis
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention:
treat with pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole
Prevention requires strict personal hygiene |
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