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Evolutionary change below the species level
Change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations |
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| Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments |
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| The percentage, on average, of a population's loci that are heterozygous in members of the population |
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| Differences between the gene pools of geographically sperate populations or population subgroups |
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| A graded change in a character along a geographic axis |
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| Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
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The agregate of all copies of every type of allel at all loci in every individual in a population
The aggregate of alleles for just one or a few loci in a population |
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| The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generations, provided that only mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work |
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A process in which chance events cause unpredicatable fluctuations in allel frequencies from one generation to the next
Effects are most pronounced in small populations |
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| Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolared from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population |
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Genetic drift that occurs when the size of population is significantly reduced, as by natural disaster or human actions
Typically the surviving population is not genetically representitive of the original population |
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| The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes |
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The contribution of an individual to the gene pool of the next generation
Relative to the contributions of other individuals |
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| Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully thatn do the other individuals |
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| Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce or reproduce more successfully than intermediate organisms |
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| Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduced more successfully than do extreme phenotypes |
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| A form of selecion in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates |
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| Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and femals |
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| Selection in which there is direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite |
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| Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage |
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| Natural selction that maintains two or more pheotypic forms in a population |
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Greater reproductive success of heterozzygous individuals compared with homozygous individuals
Tends to preserve greater variation in a gene pool |
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| Frequency-dependent selection |
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Definition
| Selection in which the fitness of a photype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population |
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