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| The sum of all the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called |
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Definition
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| Identify 3 reasons that cells synthesize new organic components |
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Definition
| performance of structural maintenance and repairs, support of growth, production of secretions, building of nutrient reserves |
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| The ____ begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid |
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| The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during |
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| ____ is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). |
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| Reaction within ______ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the ____ is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Poisons like cyanide bind to______ and prevent electron transfer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells perform catabolism to generate ______, which can be used for a variety of things such as muscle contraction and protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the movement of_____ through channels in the ______ |
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Definition
| Hydrogen ions; inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| _____ created 90 percent of the ATP normally generated. |
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Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ____ yields energy the quickest. |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest lipoproteins,_____ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. |
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Definition
| High-density lipoproteins |
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Term
| ____ are lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ provide energy for cells with modest energy demands like resting skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the human body, _____ is important because it is a lipid component of all cell membranes and is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3 among other roles. |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect on the body would a drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase have? |
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Definition
| Raise blood levels of VLDLs |
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Term
| During______ triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the cell does beta-oxidation occur?** |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of beta-oxidation?** |
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Definition
| fatty acid break down into two-carbon fragments that enter the TCA cycle, it yields large amounts of ATP, it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD |
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Term
| Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of_____ fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| In transamination, the amino group of amino acid is _______ yielding a different amino acid. ** |
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Definition
| Transferred to another molecule |
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Term
| The conversation of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea is formed in the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| During______state,the liver forms glycogen and insulin levels are elevated. |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following occur during the ____ state, glycogen is broken down into glucose and gluconeogenesis occur in the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| During the _____ state the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting it energy demands. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone complements the actions of glucocorticoids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe____ levels of glucocorticoids, _____ in his urine,____ blood pH |
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Definition
| elevated; Keytones; decreases |
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Term
| The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which disorder? |
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Definition
| Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults |
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Term
| Deficiency in vitamin C can result in a condition called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is? |
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Definition
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Term
| A disorder aused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin_____ in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with absorption of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ____ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual? |
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Definition
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Term
| On a tour of Afican countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he cant eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. this would result in____? |
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Definition
| increased gluconeogenesis in the liver |
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Term
| ___ are lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissue are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? |
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Definition
| The citric acid reaction sequence is a cycle because the 4-carbon starting compound (oxaloacetic acid) is regenerated at the end. Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid begin the cycle by combining to form citric acid, and then in a series of steps CO2, NADH,ATP, and FADH2 are released and oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to begin the cycle again. |
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Term
| Ketosis develops in the postabsorptive state? What is Ketosis? Why does it develop? What metabolic effects does it have? |
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Definition
| Ketosis develops when levels of ketones in blood increase. Ketones formed when glycogen stores in the body run out. |
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