Term
|
Definition
chosen by TH morgan
generation time of 2 weeks
180 million bases, and 13,700 genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
matures in 3.5 days.
genome is 97 million bases long.
19,000 genes.
they are hermaphrodites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism chosen for study, nemotode, fruity fly etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
this is a vertebrate.
genome is 2,600 million base pairs
25,000 genes. about the same as humans
generation time of 9 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
embryos develop outside mother
generation 2-4 months.
early and fast development by the first 24 hours
1700 Million base pairs long |
|
|
Term
common wall cress
arabidopsis thaliana |
|
Definition
in the mustard family
can germinate and produce thousands in 8 weeks.
118 million base pairs long
25,500 genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function, organized into tissues/organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "creation of form," organized into tissues and organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blastula - sphere of cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity.
when this folds inward it is a gt, gastrula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in morphogenesis - cell division and cell wall expansion rather than cell tissue movement in animals. apical meristems develop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they all have the same genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worked with carrot plants, showed that cell differentiation does not necessarily involve irreversible changes in the DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures responsible for plants continual growth and formation of new organs @ the tips of shoots and roots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature cells can dedifferentiate and then give rise to all the specialied cell types of the mature organism. ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remove the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote and replace it with the nucleus of a differentiated cell. |
|
|
Term
| Robert Briggs, Thomas King and Extended by John Gurdon |
|
Definition
they transplanted a nucleus from an embryonic or tadpole cell into an enucleated egg of the same species. concluded that: something in the nucleus does change as animals differentiate. nuclear potency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinetely and under appropriate conditions differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
able to give rise to multiple but not all cell types, contrast of totipotent embryonic stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cloning to produce embryonic stem cells to treat disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the events that lead to the observable differentiation of a cell the out come of differentiation is marked by the expression of genes for tissue specific proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins found only in a specific cell type and give the cell its characteristic structure and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a type of stem cell that exists in muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signal molecules cause changes in nearby target cells. signal molecules usu change their gene expression and this results in observable cellular changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic place. "setting up and animals body" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the molecular cues that control pattern formation, provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change from larva to adult fly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
this revealed the specific molecules that guide development. he used mutants to investigate fly development. located abnormalities to specific genes. GENES DIRECT THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. |
|
|
Term
| Nusslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus. |
|
Definition
| studied pattern formation during early development. tried to identify all the genes that affect segment formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations with phenotypes causing death at embryonic or laval stage, these never reproduce and cannot be bred for study. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of genotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maternal effect genes are these. control the oreientation (polarity) of the egg and the fly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradients of substances called morphogens establish an embryos axes and other features of its form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance governing the pattern of tissue development and, in particular, the positions of the various specialized cell types within a tissue. It spreads from a localized source and forms a concentration gradient across a developing tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes of the embryo whose products direct formation of segments after the embryos major body axes are defined. |
|
|
Term
| 3 sets of segmentation genes |
|
Definition
| gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the segments set by master regulatory genes, discovered by Edward Lewis |
|
|
Term
| nematodes are very useful in research of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire ancestry of every cell in the body. shows the fate of all the cells in the developing embryos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises from 6 precursor cells on the embryos ventral surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
programmed cell death. 2 genes in nemotodes are ced-3 and ced-4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main proteases of apoptosis, these are activated the by apoptosis pathways and cut up DNA |
|
|
Term
| three proteins critical to apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| John Sulston and Robert Horvitz |
|
Definition
| studied roles of induction and apoptosis during development of nematodes. advanced understanding of how genes regulate organ growth and process of programmed cell death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carpels (contain egg cells) stamens (contain sperm pollen) petals sepals(leaflike structures outside the petals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms with a mixture of genetically different cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genes controlling organ identity, determines the type of structure that will grow from a meristem. analogous to homeotic genes in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 180 nucleotide sequence, which specifies a 60 amino acid homeodomain in the protein |
|
|
