Term
| What type of immunity is nonspecific, and 1st & 2nd line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| 3rd line of defense, specific |
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Term
| What are the three types of first line defense? |
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Definition
| Mechanical, chemical, and normal flora factors. |
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Term
| The skin, mucous membrane, and glands make up which factor of 1st line defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells and is covered in what protective protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ciliary escalator? |
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Definition
| Part of the mucous membrane, Microbes trapped in mucous and transported away from the lungs |
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Term
| What flows out of the mucous membrane? |
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Definition
| Urine and vaginal secretions |
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Term
| What two glands aid in mechanical factors of defense? |
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Definition
| Lacrimal apparatus (wash eye) and saliva (wash microbes off) |
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Term
| What do the sebaceous glands of the skin secrete? |
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Definition
| Sebum: fatty acids with a pH of 3-5 |
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Term
| What is the pH of the gastric juices of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids secrete? |
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Definition
| Lysozymes and peroxidase enzymes |
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Term
| What two things compete for the binding of iron? (chemical factors) |
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Definition
| Transferrins in blood compete with bacteria |
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Term
| What inhibits ATP production of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Microorganisms found growing on or in the body of a healthy individual |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of symbiotic relationships between microbes and a host. |
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Definition
synergism(mutualism)-both organisms benefit
commensalism-one benefits, the other is unharmed
antagonism(parasitism)-one benefits at the others expense |
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Term
| Name the four main components of the second-line defense of the body. |
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Definition
White blood cells
phagocytosis
other blood components
lymphatic system |
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Term
| What white blood cells play a role in 2nd line defense? |
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Definition
| Granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes(monocytes), lymphocytes |
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Term
| inflammation, fever, and the complement system make up what portion of 2nd line defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the highest population of WBC what role do they play? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, 60-70% phagocytic, first responders to the damage |
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Term
| What makes up the lowest population of WBC what is their role? |
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Definition
| Basophils, .5-1% Produce histamine, send signals |
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Term
| Which white blood cell makes up 2-4% what do they do? |
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Definition
| Eosinophils. Toxic to parasites, allergic reactions, some phagocytosis |
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Term
| Which WBC is phagocytic when mature, can be wondering or fixed, and makes up 3-8% of the population? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in specific immunity, 20-25% of WBC's |
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Term
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Definition
antigen presenting cells
-produce cytokines
-interact with T-helper cells
-help form granulomas |
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Term
| What is the first step in the process of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| Cells are recruited to the infection |
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Term
| What happens during recognition/attachment? (step 2) |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during engulfment? (step 3) |
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Definition
| cell "eats" microbe forming phagosome |
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Term
| what is the last step in the process of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| exocytosis: phagocyte expels digested material to external environment |
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Term
| What step involves the microbe killed due to lack of oxygen and decreased pH? |
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Definition
| Destruction and digestion |
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Term
| What is phagosome lysosome fusion? (step 4) |
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Definition
| Phagosome binds lysosome, forming phagolysosome |
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Term
| What do red blood cells and platelets do? |
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Definition
| Important role in inflammatory response and blood clotting |
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Term
| What proteins make up plasma and serum? |
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Definition
| albumin and globulin(gamma portion contains antibodies) |
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Term
| What two things are a part of the complement system and are interferons(glycoproteins)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cardinal signals of inflammation? |
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Definition
| Redness, pain, heat, swelling(edema), |
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Term
| Microbial products trigger what? |
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Definition
| Toll-like receptors of macrophages. (listen to damaged cells) |
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Term
| What can the microbial cell surface trigger? |
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Definition
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Term
| What allows blood to get to places faster and is caused by histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during inflammation as a result of positive chemotaxis? |
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Definition
| margination and emigration of WBC's |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels, and chemotaxis |
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Term
| Which hormone intensifies histamine and kinkin effects? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone causes increased permeability of blood vessels and phagocytic attachment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Programmed CELL death - destroys the cell without eliciting inflammatory response |
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Term
| What is a physiological response to infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyrogens can be endogenous and exogenous. Describe both types. |
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Definition
-Endogenous are produced by our bodies and are fever inducing cytokines
-exogenous are caused by bacteria, bacterial endotoxins |
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Term
| What part of the brain controls temperature? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is released to reset the hypothalamus to a high body temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| The body increases the rate of metabolism and shivering to? |
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Definition
| raise body temperature and cause cells to be more efficient |
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Term
| What effect does 1 degree Celsius change have on metabolic activity? |
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Definition
| Becomes 10% more efficient |
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Term
| What does a high temperature inhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the complement system? |
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Definition
| Series of inactive proteins (C1-C9) circulating in blood and fluids that strengthens activities of adaptive immunity. |
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Term
| What initiates the cascade of enzymatic reactions? |
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Definition
| stimulation of inactive proteins. Results in rapid activation of components |
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Term
| What are the three pathways of activation? |
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Definition
| classical, alternative, lectin |
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Term
| Which pathway requires antibodies for activation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during classical pathway activation? |
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Definition
| Antibodies interact with complement C1 which activates protein and leads to activation of all complex proteins |
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Term
| Which pathway of activation is the most efficient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pathway of activation is quickly and easily initiated and relies on binding of complement protein C3b to cell surface and what does this allow? |
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Definition
| alternative pathway, allows formation of complement complex |
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Term
| C3b is always circulating in the blood T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the lectin pathway require to activate? |
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Definition
| mannan-binding lectins (MBL) |
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Term
| The lectin pathway has a pattern recognition molecules that detect mannan which is a |
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Definition
| polymer of mannose found in microbial cells |
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Term
| How does the lectin pathway activate complement proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Alpha and Beta interferons (IFNs) cause? |
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Definition
| Cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication |
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Term
| What type of IFN causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria? |
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Definition
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