Macroevolution

the large-scale evolutionary changes, such as the appearance of new species, genera, and higher taxonomic levels.

Species

a distinct type of organism

Biological species 

a population, or group of populations, whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Speciation

formation of a new species

Prezygotic reproductive isolation 

separation of species due to factors that prevent the formation of a zygote (basically, factors that prevent species from mating...think of "PRE"-before)

Ecological (or habitat) isolation

a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation that is based on species living in different environments; example = desert fox and artic fox

Temporal isolation 

a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation that is based on  species being active or fertile at different times; example = two species of field crickets reproduce in different seasons.

Behavioral isolation

a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation thta is based on species having different activities or behaviors ; example = intricate mating dances of insects and birds that vary from species to species.

Mechanical isolation

a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation that is based on species' mating organs being incompatible; example = great dane and chihuahua

Gametic isolation

a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation that is based on gametes being unable to unite; example - mouse and rat

Postzygotic reproductive isolation 

separation of species due to nonviability or infertility of a hybrid embryo or offspring

Hybrid inviability (hybrid breakdown) 

a type of postzygotic reproductive isolation where gametes unite, but development cannot produce a viable embryo; example = goat and sheep

Hybrid infertility (sterility) 

a type of postzygotic reproductive isolation where hybrids lack the ability to make or deliver viable gametes; examples = liger – lion + tiger infertile.

Allopatric speciation 

formation of new species after a physical barrier separates a population into groups that cannot interbreed.

Parapatric speciation 

formation of a new species when part of the population enters a habitat bordering the parent species’ range, and the two groups become reproductively isolated.

Sympatric speciation 

 formation of a new species within the boundaries of a parent species

Polyploidy

having extra chromosome sets

Gradualism

theory that proposes that evolutionary change occurs gradually, in a series of small steps

Punctuated equilibrium 

theory that life’s history has had long periods of stasis interrupted by bursts of rapid evolutionary change

Adaptive radiation 

divergence of multiple new species from a single ancestral type in a relative short time

Extinction

disappearance of a species

Background extinction rate 

 steady, gradual loss of species through natural competition or loss of genetic diversity

Mass extinction  

the disappearance of many species over relatively short expanses of time

Impact theory 

idea that mass extinctions were caused by impacts of extraterrestrial origin

Phylogenies

depictions of evolutionary relationships among species, based on descent from shared ancestors

Until recently, the natural ranges of lions and tigers in India overlapped. However, lions live and breed in the open grasslands while tigers generally stay in the forest. Thus, even though lions and tigers technically can mate and produce viable offspring, this rarely, if ever occurs in natural settings.

This is an example of what kind of isolation? 

A) postzygotic reproductive isolation & temporal isolation

B) prezygotic reproductive isolation & temporal isolation

C) postzygotic reproductive isolation & ecological isolation

D) prezygotic reproductive isolation & ecological isolation

D) prezygotic reproductive isolation & ecological isolation

Prezygotic - because it prevents species from producing offspring before they try to have offspring

Ecological - because it deals with the species living in different habitats/environments.

There are two different species of cricket that would be indistinguishable unless you heard their mating song: they are of a noticeably different pitch. Due to their mating song being different, they do not mate with one another.

This is an example of what kind of isolation?

A) postzygotic reproductive isolation & temporal isolation

B) prezygotic reproductive isolation & behavioral isolation

C) postzygotic reproductive isolation & behavioral isolation

D) prezygotic reproductive isolation & temporal isolation

B) 

Prezygotic - because it prevents species from producing offspring before they try to have offspring

Behavorial - because the species' behavior or rather mating ritual is different from the other species' thus they will not attract one another

There are 4 groups of Chinook salmon who spawn at different times of the year along California's central coast: winter, spring, summer and fall. The populations who breed in one season never breed with those in another season.

What type of isolation is depicted in this scenario?

A) prezygotic reproductive isolation & temporal isolation

Prezygotic - because this factor is affecting the possibility of breeding even occurring in the first place between species

Temporal - because these species are only around at certain times of the year so they won't breed with the the other species. Temporal isolation refers to the time of activity or fertility such as in season, times of day, etc.