Term
| new industrial revolution |
|
Definition
| 1870 on - sometimes called "second" - new sources of power, increased mechanization, new industries, rapid spreading of industry, more rapid forms of transportation and communication - still steam but also electricity - gas/diesel (petroleum), oil - chemicals, explosives, communications, medicine - US AND GERMANY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brit opened free trade era in 1846 and tended to import more than export but sitll had fav bal of payments b/c of invisible exports - export captial by big investments overseas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capital investment overseas plus shipping and insurance/service industries of Eur made up difference btw balance of trade and balance of payments for counties like Brit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lmtd liability corp - increasing in number after 1880 and fewer small vulnerable ones, more big - esp as mechaniz required more capital |
|
|
Term
| trusts (US) and cartels (EUR) |
|
Definition
| names given to org within the same level of production of an item which combined to protect themselves against fluctuations in prices and markets - could fix prices, divide markets, restrict production all for common member interest -- Germ (Krupps: steel) Fr (Schnieder-Creusot) Birt (Vickers-Armstrong) US (Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when corporation buys into different processes - from mining to finished product and thus ensures independence from producers who might sell to whomever they please and thus manipulate the prices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when companies at same level of production combine to reduce competition and protect themselves against fluctuations in prices and markets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revolutionary municipal council led by radicals that engaged in a civil war with the nat assembly of the newly est third republic - set up def of NAP III in FrancoPrussian War - men of commune known as communards, seen by some as destroyers of civilization, marx viewed as potential to bring down bourgeoisie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early prez of third republic who attempted to dismiss a premier of whom he disapproved by who had backing of chamber of deputies in 1877 - dissolved chamber and held new elections - memory of NAP III turning 2nd Rep into authoritarian regime too fresh so popular elections vindicated principle of parliamentary primacy and responsibility of premier and cabinet to legislature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| following of bonapartists, monarchists, aristocracy, and even a few extreme republicans - wanted revenge on germany for loss of franco prussian war and alsace-lorraine - pop hero, military figure depicted on white horse - third rep charged with treason so committed suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1894 jewish officer in french army charged with giving secrets to germans - courtmarshaled despite protestations of innocence and sent to devil's island - lack of evidence, retrial, opening of some antisemitism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicted military and catholic conservative elite for victimizing dreyfus - pardon issued in 1906 but NOT overturning of conviction |
|
|
Term
| laic laws of 1905/the separation law |
|
Definition
| the law that abrogated the 1801 concordat and completed separation of church and state - resulted from the dreyfus affair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important single party of third republic - not very socialist = more like radical republicans - patriotic, anticlerical - spoke for small shopkeepers and lesser propertied interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reign of queen victoria (eng)- queen's name given to distinct era of MATERIAL PROGRESS, LITERARY ACCOMPLISHMENT AND POLITICAL STABILITY - carlyle wrote the history - tennyson, wordsworth, browning: poetry - eliot hardy dckens: novels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of liberals of victorian era - prime minister, chief rival of disraeli - forster education act of 1870 (education works) civil service exams secret balloting labor conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of conservatives in victorian era - leader of tories who engineered reform bill of 1867 which extended franchise to working class - tories less sensitive to pressure from manufacturing classes - special relationship with queen victoria |
|
|
Term
| reform bills of 1867 and 1884 |
|
Definition
| 67 was response to continued demand for wider suffrage - competition btw conserv and lib in reform to build support - 67 enfranchised urban working class - 84 added two million more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brit bad minority question - 1801 UK of GB and Ireland as def arrangement against forces from fr rev - irish MP send to westminister - grievances agaisnt absentee landlords - gladstone suggested reforms - home rule finally passed in 1914 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chancellor of the exchequor in asquith's liberal govt in 1906-16 - put together social welfare program and budget to pay for it (Budget of 1909)- led to constitutional crisis and then parliament act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deprived the house of lords of veto power in money matters and all but 2 year suspensory veto on other legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| court ruling in 1909 that said trade unions could no pay salaries of workers elected to parliament - stimulated call for pay for MPs so workers could afford to sit in parliament if elected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| battle for modern civ or bismarcks campaign against the center party in germany in 1871 - concerned with influence of RC church - liberals joined camp - bismarck series of laws restricting RC education and worship, expulsion of jesuits and arrest of a bishop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prompted by two attempts on kaiser's life - bismarck's antisocialists laws: prohibited socialist meeting and newspapers, socialists just went underground - bismarcks response was then to issue worker legislation himself and undermine socialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kaiser william i died in 1888, son frederick iii ruled for 3 months then died of cnacer, succeeded by him who would be the last king of prussia and kaiser of germany - 29 when came to power - full of own ideas about personal power and privilege - quarreled with bismarck and ordered him to resign - not democratic - aggressive foreign policy - empire rested on federated princes, junkers, army, industrial magnates, and predominance of hohenzollerns and bradenburgs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| led italian coalitions - shrewd tactician - political leaders in italy were liberal, anticlerical - more and more RC voting and participating - universal male suffrage in 1912 - industry slowly est in north |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1851 in england, introduced by amalgamated society of engineers - concentrating on advancing interests of separate trades - much more moderate and manageable - encouraged granting of working class vote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unions of unskilled workers which arose first in london (great london dock strike of 1889) - all the works in a particular industry would join regardless of their skill or job in that industry (ex transportation workers union) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed at turn of 20th century by combination of trade unions and middle class intellectuals - on continent socialist political parties brought into being and led the trade unions - labor party less socialist than continental - party had 29 MP elected by 1906 - pressure to liberals to pass social legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1901 decision by brit courts that threatened existence of unions - held unions responsible for business losses incurred by employer during a strike - could effectively ruin unions financially - prompted unions to develop labor party (29 MP elected in 1906 helped over turn decision) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| russian intellectual of late 19th C who believed state was cause of common man affliction and therefore suggested anarchism - said should attack and abolish state - marx strongly disapproved |
|
|
Term
| german social democratic party |
|
Definition
| formed 1875 at gotha conference - marian and lasallean socialists formed a union here and continued to grow despite bismarcks attempt to undermine them through anti socialist laws and social legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self taught worker and former communard and rigid marxist who attracted workers in industrial regions of fr - thought impossible to liberate through compromise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frenchman and member of chamber of deputies in 3rd republic who linked social reform to fr rev tradition and defense of republican instit - led marxist revisionism in fr in 1890s - not until 1905 did fr socialist groups form a united socialist party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marxism not successful in eng due to relative effectiveness of unions - middle class critics of capitalism tended to move towards this group named for a famous roman general who had employed tactics of delaying/gradual attack rather than outright confrontation - approach more english and very unmarxist - sidney & beatrice webb, george bernard shaw, hg wells, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social democrat of the reichstag in german empire - led marxism in germany - wrote evolutionary socialism - class conflict not inevitable and capitalism might be transformed in workers interests |
|
|
Term
| revolutionary syndicalism |
|
Definition
| opportunism of revisionists prompted radicals to move in new directions such as this - suggested that unionism should replace gov't - made most headway in countries where regular unions were weak (italy spain france) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main intellectual fr exponent of syndicalism - called for general strike to force issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| german who called for revival of marxist fundamentals - railed against revisionists - said they were betraying marxism on behalf of petit bourgeoisie - wanted second international to condemn fr socialist millerand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fr socialist who had accepted a ministerial post in 1889 in 3rd repub - kautsky said of him "sleeping with the enemy" - thought it was ok to be in parliament acting in opposition nut not to be in gov't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amongst the russian social democrats meeting in london 1903 - lenin led a group of wanting revisionism to be removed and marxist fundamentals to be restored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written by charles darwin 1859 outlining his theory of evolution - huge impact on more than just sci community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chief spokesman for darwin - "darwins bulldog" - embroiled in church science conflicts - represented darwins ideas at debate with bishop of oxford - theory against bible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote the golden bough - noted in book about other newly discovered cultures that some of practices, rights, and ideas of christianity were not unique but were found in primitive societies and only a thin line btw religion and magic - using anthropology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personalist based on sexual drives shocked victorian sensibilities - founder of psychoanalysis - book interpretation of dreams emphasized sex drive - significance was humans not considered to be essentially rational creatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory of relativity by einstein - german jew and brilliant scientist - discovered time space motion not absolute but relative to observer and observers own movement in space - later developed theories of gravitation and electromagnetism and subatomic behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that anything unknowable to science was unknowable forever - acknowledgment of ignorance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a founder of agnosticism who promoted the notion that man's activities should be governed by the principles of darwinian evolution - believed that govt should not coddle the weak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also influenced by evolutionary philosophies, german philosopher, forerunner of the modern existential movement - stressed the role of ubermensch or superman to rise above the common mediocrity - christianity = slave morality made by weak to disarm the strong |
|
|
Term
| higher criticism of the bible |
|
Definition
| applying to the scriptures there was now a closer look taken using the techniques of scholarship long applied to secular documents - ongoing since 17th C but more intense given darwins theories and growing archeological record |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| german critical scholar of bible also a theologian - wrote Life of Jesus in which he examined the miracles of christ - many episodes he explained away reverently but firmly as myths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fr historian and man of letters, wrote origins of christianity and life of ancient israel, further undermined many articles of faith, times of material emphasis, increasingly people were falling away from the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gave up liberalism after 1848 rome republic, wrote syllabus of errors to warn/guard catholics about new science - instructed them to continue to believe in the dogmatic truths - immaculate conception, assumption of the virgin, etc. said must simple maintain faith in supernatural and miraculous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ecumenical church council first since trent in 16th C - proclaimed papal infallibility when pope speaking on ex cathedra on faith and morals, speaking with final authority - climax of centuries of devt in RC, world becoming more national, church intl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more liberal b/c of growing social doctrine - still maintained a counteroffensive against irreligious attitudes but also showed a revival of acquinas' medieval philosophies (faith and reason not in conflict) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leo XIII's encyclical issued in 1891 - expressed that private property ownership is acceptable but recognized that capitalism also had faults, declared that much in socialism is christian in principle but as practiced by many, socialism was also materialistic and antireligious - suggested that cath form own socialist parties and unions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| papacy recognized italian state and italy granted RC a sq mi in area in rome to be vatican city (indp state) no longer part of italy but sovereign and idp from national and secular authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hungarian born jewish journalist who espressed a new sense of jewish identity; witnessed dreyfus affair and resulting antisemitism - stimulated him to found zionist movement which sought a palestinian homeland - first intl jewish congress in Basel in 1897 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liberals though whole world would be peopled by individuals doing business with each other without interference from govt - support of laissez faire and wanted free trade and intl/non national economic system - best rep by William Gladstone in 19th C eng |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best expressed economic liberalism in his writings (on liberty) - one of few liberals who early on supported notion of equality of sexes, wrote on subjection of women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laissez faire fading and govts beginning to subordinate econ activity to political ends/econ nationalism by 1900 - nations again struggling to better themselves through tariffs and regulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kind of unrealistic faith in constructive value of struggle and tough minded rejection - marxism and social darwinism both stressed, along with nietzsche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex georges sorrel who in his writings stated that violence was good, irrespective of the end it accomplished - advocated keeping people agitated and excited - fed into rise of facism and other activist mvmts of 20th C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by georges sorrel who was the philosopher of syndicalism - wrote in 1908 and advocated violence, good irrespective of end, hated existing society so much that violence was seen as a good disrupter - believed that workers should be kept alert in the class war through believing the myth of a future general strike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brit feminist whose legal persistance resulted in the married women's property act in 1883 which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of eng women in second half of 19th c who were seeking the vote for women - resorted to very unEnglish behavior: chained selves to railings, public buildings, smashed windows, broke porcelains - when imprisoned went on hunger strikes - also wanted educational professional legal and occupational equality with men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brit suffragette and founder of women's social and political union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1913 law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again (women became forcefed in jail) |
|
|
