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| is a measure of the amount of solids, or salts, dissolved in seawater |
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| a process in which organisms use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food and oxygen. Light = required, found only in the upper 200m, where light reaches. |
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| often begins at a depth of about 200m, but this varies, Temp. drops quickly w/ increasing depth. Below thermocline = deep-water layer = extremely cold water |
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| powered by wind, usually move only the upper few hundred meters of sea-water |
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| forms when more dense seawater sinks beneath less dense seawater. |
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| is a current in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface. |
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in water is a rhythmic movement that carries energy through the water
Formed by wind |
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| water level at the ocean's edge changes. This rise and fall in sea level. A giant wave that can be 1000's of kilometers long but only 1m to 2m high in the open ocean |
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| (marine organisms that float in ocean currents) one-celled organisms |
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| animals that can actively swim rather than drift in the currents |
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| a community of organisms and the nonliving factors that affect them. e.g. sunlight, water, etc. Every ecosystem has producer; consumer, and decomposer. |
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| near the ocean's surface contain chlorophyll. Allows them to make food and oxygen during photosynthesis |
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| producers make food by this process. Process takes place along mid-ocean ridges where hot water circulates thru the crust. |
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| organisms that eat, or consume, producers |
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| break down tissue and release nutrients and CO2 back into the ecosystem, |
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| energy is transferred thru out the oceans from producers to consumers and decomposers thru ________ _______. |
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| Ocean water is important because they provide: (4) |
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1. Homes to many diff. organisms
2. Resources such as food, salt, and transportation
3. Water for precipitation
4. Oxygen produced by ocean organisms |
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| Oceans Formed (The Theory) |
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| Billions of years ago, Oceans formed from volcanic water vapor that collected in the atmosphere and then fell as torrential rains. |
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| many dissolved substances that make it taste salty |
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| enter the ocean from the atmosphere |
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| 70% of O2 is produced in the ocean. enters from the atmosphere and photosynthesis of ocean organisms. |
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enters from the atmosphere and from the respiration of ocean organisms
Forms Carbonic acid which controls ocean acidity |
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| provides nutrients for plants and is used in plant and animal tissues |
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| water __________ and __________ vary with depth |
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| name three layers of water temperatures |
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| warm surface layer, thermocline layer, deep water layer |
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| begins at about 200m w/ temperatures rapidly dropping w/ increasing depth |
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| extremely cold, pressure or force per unit area increases about 1 atmopshere for every 10m increase in depth |
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| below the thermocline lies the __________, which contains extremely cold water |
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| organisms take _______ from seawater to make bones or shells |
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| nearly 70% of the world's ______ is produced in the oceans |
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| the ______________ of an ocean is a measure of the amount of salts dissolved in it |
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| organisms that use _______ to convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into food and oxygen are found in the upper 200m of the oceans. |
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| The gulf stream _____ the climate of the west coast of the U.S. |
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| Because of the rotation of Earth, surface currents in the northern hemisphere bend to the right True OR FALSE |
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| Sailors depended on surface currents to transport them TRUE OR FALSE |
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| surface currents usually move in a few hundred meters of ocean TRUE OR FALSE |
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| IF the iceland density current stopped flowing, the east coast of the U.S. might be warmer true or false |
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| density of warm water is less than that of cold water |
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| where cool dense water sinks, it pushes less dense warm water to surface true or false |
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| density currents flow slower than surface currents T or F |
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| the curving of winds and currents caused by Earth's rotation is called the __________ ________ |
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| evaporation of water at the ocean's surface makes the water _________ dense |
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| currents deep in the ocean are caused by differences in water _____ |
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1. Cold water brings nutrients to enrich fishing grounds
2. Affects climate of coastal areas |
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| 100km-wide current of warm water flowing east across the North Atlantic Ocean |
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| surface currents influence climate (2 things) |
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1.Warm currents will keep northern climates mild.
2. Cold currents prevent excessive summer warming |
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| North of Iceland a _____ _____ flows along the ocean floor toward the Atlantic Ocean and spreads into the Pacific and Indian Oceans |
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| Warm ____ _____ water replaces this cold current |
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| _____ currents help regulate global rain fall patterns and temperatures |
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| waves have parts (4 things) |
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1)crest
2) trough
3) vertical distance between crest and trough is height
4) Wave length |
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| horizontal distance between crests or troughs of two successive waves |
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| water particles do not move forward unless the wave is breaking on shore |
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| collapsing waves near the shore caused by the wave bottom being slowed by friction w/ the ocean floor |
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| rising and falling of sea level caused by gravity from Earth, the Moon, and the Sun |
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| high tides higher and lower tides lower than normal due to Moon, Earth, and Sun lining up |
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| high tides lower and low tides higher than normal due to Sun, Moon, and Earth forming a right angle |
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| wears away both rocky shores and beaches |
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| the particles in a wave move ______ and ________ |
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| when a wave approaches the shore its ____ moves ahead of its _______ |
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| the shore its crest moves ahead of its trough |
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| surface waves are caused by |
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| when earth, the moon, and the sun line up together, they create ______ _____ tides with high tidal ranges |
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| when cliffs are pounded by wind and water, ________ takes place |
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| the distance between high and low tides |
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| water that runs parallel to the shore |
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| in which positions of the moon will the high tide be highest |
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| in which positions of the moon will the low tide be the highest |
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| list three factors that could be considered part of an ecosystem |
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| producer, consumer, decomposer |
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| organisms in the ocean are divided loosely into three large groups what are they |
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| plankton, nekton, bottom dwellers |
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| Producers above thermocline makes food by? |
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| Photosynthesis (uses Sun) |
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| doesn't use sun; producers make food w/out sunlight |
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| what would happen if there were no decomposers? |
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| dead stuff pile up ; no new nutrients; no break down |
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| what is transferred from producers to C to D through food chains |
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| why isn't all the energy from one level of a food chain passed on to the next level |
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| organism passing energy must use some before passing the energy on |
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| which kind of ocean life do humans most often use for food? give 3 e.g. |
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| nekton; fish, shark, shrimp |
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| __% of Earth oxygen comes from ocean |
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| abiotic and biotic makes up |
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| California currents_____ down the california |
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| Three reasons ocean affect your life |
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1) food, medicine, and raw materials
2) oxygen
3) transportation of people and goods |
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