Term
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Definition
| Negative reinforcement can be defined as: Stimulus _______________, contingent upon a response, which _______________ the future probability of that response. |
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Term
| Jo is sitting near a window at Starbucks having a cup of coffee. The sun is streaming in the window, and it is too warm for Jo-she is beginning to perspire. Jo moves to another chair away from the window, where it is shady. The next time Jo goes to Starbucks, she sees the sun shining in the window again and sits in the chair in the shade instead. |
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Definition
| Which of the following is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency? |
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Term
| The stimulus change following the occurrence of target behavior is not immediate. |
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Definition
| Mary Jo decides to implement a negative reinforcement intervention with one of her students, Anjali, to increase the amount of work Anjali completes. Mary Jo tells Anjali, if you complete 15 math problems today (Monday), you don't have to do your math worksheet on Friday. What is one problem that might arise with this intervention? |
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Term
| The EO or antecedent event |
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Definition
| Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior. |
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Term
| In an escape contingency the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while in an avoidance contingency, the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior. |
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Definition
| The key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is: |
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Term
| All of these are examples of an avoidance contingency because in each example, the individuals engage in a behavior (crossing the street, putting on a helmet, and lowering hurricane shutters) to avoid the presentation of a currently absent aversive stimulus (talking to Donna, a head injury, and broken windows, respectively). |
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Definition
| Which of the following is an example of free-operant avoidance? |
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Term
Completing school work
Cleaning a bedroom
Tantrums |
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Definition
| Which of the following behaviors could be maintained by negative reinforcement? |
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Term
| Is one that strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning and can be thought of as an inherited negative reinforcer |
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Definition
| An unconditioned negative reinforcer: |
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Term
- The stimulus change following the occurrence of the target behavior was immediate.
- The difference in stimulation prior to and after the response occurred was large.
- The occurrence of the target response consistently produced escape.
- Reinforcement was unavailable for competing responses. |
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Definition
| The textbook describes a study by Ahearn and colleagues (1996), in which negative reinforcement was used to increase food acceptance in children. In this example, during baseline, bite acceptances produced access to toys and bite refusals produced removal of the spoon (negative reinforcement). During the intervention, bite refusals no longer produced removal of the spoon. Instead, the spoon was only removed if a bite was accepted. As soon as a bite was accepted and every time a bite was accepted, the spoon was briefly removed. Which factors that are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement are illustrated in this example? |
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Term
| Error correction procedures may produce learning, at least in part, due to an avoidance contingency. |
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Definition
| The study by Rodgers and Iwata (1991) that analyzed the effects of positive reinforcement, error correction procedures, and an avoidance procedure demonstrated that: |
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Term
| The presence of antecedent aversive stimuli in the individual's environment and the potential for creating a context that generates undesired behaviors. |
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Definition
| Ethical concerns about the use of negative reinforcement stem from: |
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Term
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Definition
| The potential negative side effects (e.g., crying, running away) of negative reinforcement are similar to the side effects associated with: |
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