Term
Which is the largest white blood cell? [ Hint: This type of cell has a
different name for every tissue it is in.] |
|
Definition
Macrophages express CD14 and are the largest white blood cell. They are called monocytes while they are in
the blood, and when they travel to tissues, they are called
macrophages. Macrophages are called Kupfer cells in the liver,
microglial cells in neural tissue, histiocytes in connective tissue,
osteoclasts in the bone, mesangial cells in the kidney, and either
alveolar macrophages or dust cells when they are in the lungs. |
|
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Term
The concentration of these cells is very low, but they are
very active and efficient in immune processes including phago-
cytosis and antigen presentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____cells are lymphocytes similar to the
T and B lymphocytes of the acquired immune system. Unlike
B or T cells, however, NK cells do not have the epitope-specific
surface receptors of the B cells (immunoglobulin) or T cells
(the T-cell receptor), so they are not antigen specific. ___ cells
are larger and more granular than T or B cells ...Innate immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phagocytosis—first cell at an infection
Antigen presentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These molecules of the innate immune system can bind to PAMPs. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
T cells respond to antigens that specifically bind to their T-cell receptor (TCR) and that are presented by an antigen-presenting cell in MHC
plus signals of costimulation through binding of other
molecules on the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cyto-
kines all required |
|
|
Term
The secondary lymphatic
organs include ____ |
|
Definition
lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils, mucosal-
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and skin-associated lym-
phoid tissue (SALT). MALT includes Peyer’s patches in the
intestine, tonsils, and the appendix |
|
|
Term
The different immunoglobulin classes share the same basic
structure, but differences in their ____lead to their
classification as either IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __region in the antibody
structure, is made up of only parts of the heavy chain whereas
the Fab region is composed of the heavy and the light chains
combined. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mains, and CDRs are) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
-- is the immunoglobulin that is in highest concentra-
tion in the serum, about 80% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
preparing the foreign particle for
phagocytosis making it attractive.. |
|
|
Term
Antibody to human
immunoglobulin can also react with allotypic determinants
on the immunoglobulin molecule. Allotypic antigens are
different on |
|
Definition
different members of the same species
THE SAME SPECIES |
|
|
Term
_______ difference is related
to which constant region is
involve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allotypic difference______ |
|
Definition
| inherited from mom or dad |
|
|
Term
_____ difference is related
to binding and is in the
hypervariable region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibody molecules are the products of B cells and are made
in response to _____ |
|
Definition
| vaccination and infection. |
|
|
Term
| there are 2 types of light chains, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vaccination of an animal with human immunoglobulin
will result in the production of antibodies to different regions
of the human immunoglobulin. The regions that are specific
for the heavy chain type of the immunoglobulin molecule
are called its isotypic determinants or the isotype ?? |
|
Definition
Antibody to human
immunoglobulin can also react with allotypic determinants ?? |
|
|
Term
The final detail in the production of immunoglobulin is
the heavy chain ____. The first immunoglobulin
made by the B cell is IgM, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When stimulated by its antigen, a mature B cell can become
either ____ |
|
Definition
a plasma cell that dies in a relatively short period of
time (weeks) after producing antibody or a memory B cell
that survives for years. |
|
|
Term
Antigens that are from other
members of the same species as the host are termed ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ are antigens from a species different from
the host, for example, a different animal, a plant, or a micro-
organism. I |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Unlike class I MHC molecules, which are found on all nucleated
cells, ____molecules are found only on certain immune
cells, specifically antigen-presenting cells such as those of the
monocyte–macrophage lineage, B cells, and dendritic cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Functional difference
between class I MHC and class II MHC
is the antigen they recognize.
Class I molecules are associated with recognition of endogenous antigens, and class II molecules are
involved in the recognition of ____ |
|
Definition
exogenous antigens (ie, anti-
gens that are present extracellularly—an infectious microor-
ganism or a foreign protein—and that have been engulfed by an antigen-presenting cell) / class II MHC |
|
|
Term
T cells will not bind directly ,
but they will bind ______ |
|
Definition
either to antigen-presenting cells that have ingested that organism (class II presentation)
or that have been infected by that organism (class I presentation). |
|
|
Term
although ___are essential for an immune response to a particular antigen, their role in recognizing the
antigen differs from the role of cells that encounter the anti-
gen in the first place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During ____, an antigen may be covered by the C3 complement
component or by immunoglobulin, thus becoming more “visible” to a macrophage that has receptors for these components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A variety of cells can act as antigen-presenting cells including _____ |
|
Definition
the major APCs are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
They are the professional APC. Dendritic cells are the most efficient .. |
|
|
Term
| If a naïve T cell doesn't find an MHC it recognizes.. |
|
Definition
| It does not receive a survival signal and it dies. |
|
|
Term
CD4 acts as a ligand for _____molecules, and CD8, which
acts as a ligand for MHC class I molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NFAT (nuclear factor activated T cells)
are activated by a _______ ..which is is one transcription factor that regulates T cell proliferation (IL 2) |
|
Definition
| calcium mediated pathway.. |
|
|
Term
_____, a transcription factor is a protein dimer formed by Jun and Fos proteins and is the end result of
Ras-MAP / Rac-SAP kinase signaling pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings the tyrosine kinnase Lac near the TCR? |
|
Definition
| The coreceptor CD4 (or CD8) binding to the MHC |
|
|
Term
___ play a major role in B-cell activation by providing
a feedback signal to B cells that have presented antigen peptides to the T cell; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ The "kiss of death" process for a protein .. but with NF kappa B this activates so it can go to the nucleus. |
|
Definition
Ubiquitination ..In T cells, activation of NF-kappaB begins when DAG, generated by PLC 1, recruits the serine/threonine kinase PKC to
the membrane ..In resting cells, NF-B heterodimers are held in the cytoplasm by binding to the Inhibitor of NF-kappa B |
|
|
Term
calcium, Calcineurin and Calmodulin
ER DAG are involved with what Transcription factor activation |
|
Definition
NFAT Activation of calcineurin by binding of the calciumcalmodulin complex induces NFAT dephosphoryla
tion and nuclear entry. |
|
|
Term
| Activation of calcineurin by binding of the calciumcalmodulin complex induces NFAT ______ |
|
Definition
| dephosphorylation and nuclear entry. |
|
|
Term
Full expression of the gene encoding
interleukin 2 (IL-2) requires the binding of _______ |
|
Definition
| AP-1, NF- kappaB, and NFAT |
|
|
Term
The PLC Pathway Induces Calcium
Release and PKC Activation |
|
Definition
PLC breaks down PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
On antigen stimulation, tyrosine phosphorylation of the ITAM
residues of the CD3 receptor-associated complex results in the
localization of the adapter protein LAT to the membrane ..... Calcium ions, released from intracellular stores by IP3..calcineurin, which dephosphorylates the transcription factor NFAT |
|
|
Term
| Dephosphorylation induces a conformational change in NFAT which directs NFAT to _____ |
|
Definition
| enter the nucleus and activate the transcription |
|
|
Term
The Ras/Map Kinase Cascade Activates
Transcription Through ___ |
|
Definition
AP-1
Ras pathway is initiated during
both B and T lymphocyte activation |
|
|
Term
| Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) activate Ras by inducing it to release GDP and accept ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Once inside the nucleus, Erk phosphorylates and acti-
vates a transcription factor, Elk-1, which cooperates with a
second protein, serum response factor (SRF), to activate the
transcription of the fos gene. The Fos protein is also phos-
phorylated by Erk, and along with its partner, Jun, forms the
master transcription factor, ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Ras pathway involves a cascade of serine/threonine phosphorylations and culminates in the entry
of the MAP kinase, Erk, into the nucleus where it phosphory
lates the transcription factors Elk1 and Fos. Which transcription factor is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phosphorylation and ubiquitination activates IKK, which phosphorylates and inactivates IkappaB, allow
ing translocation of NF kappaB into the nucleus. Which transcription factor is this? |
|
Definition
NF - kappa B
PKC Activates the NF-kappaB Transcription Factor |
|
|
Term
| biquitination does not result in protein degradation, but rather in its activation in what transcription factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immunoglobulin domain is generated when a polypeptide chain folds into an organized series of ___ |
|
Definition
| anti-parallel beta-pleated strands. |
|
|
Term
| An _____is defined as a region of an antigen that makes contact with the antigen-combining region on an antibody. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are directed against antigenic determinants present on the constant region of one particular heavy- or light-chain class of antibody, but not on any of the others. |
|
Definition
Anti-isotype antibodies...For example, an anti-isotype antibody
may bind only to human muheavy chains, but not to human
delta,alpha, beta, or epsilon constant regions. Alternatively, it may bind to
kappa but not to a lambda light chains. Thus, an anti-isotype antibody
binds only to a single antibody constant region class or
subclass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigenic determinants specific to each heavy chain class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigenic determinants that are allele specific—small differences in the constant region of light and heavy chains that vary among individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigenic determinants characteristic of a particular antigen combining site. Each antibody will have its own characteristic idiotypic determinants made up of residues from
the heavy and light chains that contribute to the antigen-binding regions |
|
|
Term
Anti-allotype antibodies are
generated by ______
bearing an alternative form (allele) of the particular immunoglobulin gene |
|
Definition
immunizing an individual of one species with
antibodies derived from a second animal of the same species
SAME SPECIES |
|
|
Term
Anti-Fab antibodies and anti-Fc antibodies are made by
immunizing a different species of animal from that which
provided the antibody fragments with Fab or Fc fragments,
respectively. |
|
Definition
| Key word....Different species... |
|
|
Term
| the strength (avidity) of receptor binding to antigen is greatly enhanced by receptor____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hinge region is rich in proline residues, rendering it particularly ____, and as a consequence, the
two antigen-binding arms of IgG, IgD, and IgA antibodies
can assume a wide variety of angles with respect to one another, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Carboxy-Terminal Domains |
|
Definition
| Secreted antibodies have a hydrophilic amino acid sequence of various lengths at the carboxyl terminus of the final CH domain. |
|
|
Term
B cells express different ____ of membrane immunoglobulin at particular developmental stages and under differ-
ent stimulatory conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
each BCR molecule is noncovalently
associated with a heterodimer___ |
|
Definition
Ig alpha / Ig beta = responsible for transducing the antigen signal into the the cell. Recall that Igalpha/Ig beta chains contain ITAMs,
which include tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated on activation through the receptor, and serve as docking residues for downstream signaling components. The BCR is
therefore structurally and functionally divided into two com-
ponents: a recognition component (the immunoglobulin receptor) and a signal transduction component (Ig alpha/Ig beta.. |
|
|
Term
| Antigen Binding Results in Docking of Adapter Molecules and Enzymes into the ___ |
|
Definition
| BCR- Ig alpha/Ig beta Membrane Complex |
|
|
Term
CalmodulinLyn Lyn Calcineurin
PKC
Ras MAP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= CalmodulinLyn Lyn Calcineurin
= PKC
= Ras MAP |
|
|
Term
Phosphorylation and inactivation ....The PH domain–containing proteins PDK1
and Akt. On phosphorylation by the serine-threonine kinase
PDK1, Akt promotes ____by phosphorylating and
inactivating pro-apoptotic molecules such as Bax and Bad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immunoglobulin receptor on the B cell membrane is noncovalently associated with three transmembrane molecules: _____ |
|
Definition
| CD19, CD21, and CD81 (TAPA-1) |
|
|
Term
| Antigens are sometimes presented to the BCR already covalently bound to complement proteins, in particular to the complement component ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells bind complex antigens made up of peptides located in the ___of membrane-bound MHC proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC-peptide antigen is located _______, |
|
Definition
| on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell |
|
|
Term
There are two types of T-cell receptors, both of which are
heterodimers. What are heterodimers? |
|
Definition
| dimers made up of two different polypeptides. |
|
|
Term
The majority of recirculating T cells bear ___ heterodimers, which bind to ligands made up of an antigenic peptide presented in a molecular groove on the surface of
a type I or type II MHC molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Although some ____ T cells recognize conventional MHC-presented peptide antigens, some bind lipid or glycolipid moieties presented by noncanonical MHC molecules. Yet others appear to recognize self-generated heat shock proteins or phospho-
antigens derived from microbes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TCR is not an immunoglobulin per se, the ..but TCR proteins are members of the immunoglobulin ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
like BCRs, each TCR
chain contains only a very short cytoplasmic tail at the
_____ end. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The term ____refers to the fact that all of the cells
in a given hybridoma culture are derived from the single clone of cells, and there-fore carry the same DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Just as B-cell signaling requires the participation of the
Igalpha /Igbeta signal transduction complex, signaling through the
TCR depends on a complex of proteins referred to collectively
as _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ___is made up of three
dimers: a delta epsilon pair, a gamma epsilon pair, and a third pair that is made up either of two CD3 (zeta)molecules or a zeta, eta) heterodimer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3
molecules are studded with ___ sequences that serve as
docking sites for adapter proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T CD4 interact with Class II MHC ligand
T CD8 interact with Class I MHC ligands
T CD28 interact with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CD4 is a ___ glycoprotein
that contains four extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a long cytoplasmic tail containing three serine residues that can be phosphorylated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CD8 is a disulfide-linked heterodimer or homodimer. Chains of CD8 are small glycoproteins, Each chain consists of a single, extracellular, immunoglobulin-like domain, a stalk
region, a ___ transmembrane region, and a cyto-plasmic tail containing 25 to 27 residues, several of which can be phosphorylated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The co-engagement of a single
MHC molecule by both the TCR and its CD4 or CD8 co-receptor enhances the ___ of T-cell binding to its target.
This co-engagement also brings the cytoplasmic domains of
the TCR/CD3 and the respective co-receptor into close proximity, and it helps to initiate the cascade of intracellular events that activate a T cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NF-kappa B (nuclear factor-kappa B)
is stimulated by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive immune responses are driven by interactions between T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) and ____________ |
|
Definition
complexes of peptide antigens (p) bound to
Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)
on the surface of antigen-presenting cells |
|
|
