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set of assumed steps that account for a chemical reaction or transformation
bond breaking/making |
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| carbon gaining more oxygen bonds or loosing hydrogen bonds |
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| carbon gaining bonds to hydrogen or loosing bonds to oxygen |
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| alcohol to carboxylic acid |
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| alkane to alcohol to aldehyde to carboxylic acid to carbon dioxide |
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| reaction of a triglyceride with aqueous hydroxide to form carboxylate anions and glycerine |
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| system by which living organisms use chemical reactions to sustain life |
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building process which requires energy
biologically important molecules are converted to other ones that are useful or necessary to the body |
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elimination process which releases energy
pathways convert bonds and structures into useful energy that can be used for other reactions |
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releases energy
provides the energy that enzymes need to make bonds |
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| universal fuel in each cell to drive the conversions |
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molecules are recycled
catabolism converts the energy released in the degradation of structures by producing ATP from ADP |
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| degradation of glucose to 2 3-C molecules called pyruvate |
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| catabolism of other common food sources like ______ and ______ can drive the formation of ATP |
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transported throughout the body by the blood
can pass through cell membrane walls
glucose-6-P cannot pass back out through the membrane |
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| pyruvate is also a precursor to ____ ____ via a reduction reaction at the middle carbon |
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| (or beta-oxiadion) pathway by which fatty acids undergo catabolic metabolism |
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the generation of glucose from non-sugar C structures like pyruvate, lactate, glycerine, or amino acids
opposite process of glycolysis
last resort |
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| cholesterol is an important molecule... |
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in cell membranes
as a precursor for other natural steroids
in the production of bile in the gall bladder as an acid to fat digestion |
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is biosynthesized internally
issues are likely to involve regulation
biosynthesis begins with 2 C and acetyl-CoA |
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uses energy from sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates and oxygen
most important biochemical pathway known |
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| light-dependent photosynthesis |
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| captures energy of sunlight using pigments to make high-energy molecules |
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| light-independent (dark) photosynthesis |
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calvin-benson cycle
accounts for the reduction of CO2 and formation of precursors to glucose |
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