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Definition
| A functional relation defined by a two-term contingency: A response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus, and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future. |
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Definition
| The stimulus change responsible for the _____ in responding is called a reinforcer. |
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Definition
| The importance of the _____ of reinforcement must be emphasized. |
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Definition
| A response-to-reinforcement delay of _____ can diminish intended effects because the behavior temporally closest to the presentation of the reinforcer will be strengthened by its presentation. |
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Term
| long-delayed consequences |
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Definition
| The effects of _____ on human behavior should not be attributed to the direct effect of reinforcement. |
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Definition
| A misconception held by some is that reinforcement is a _____. |
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Definition
| A form of faulty logic in which cause and effect are confused and not independent of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement is not a circular concept because the two components of the response-consequence relation can be _____ and the consequence manipulated to determine whether it increase the frequency of the behavior it follows. |
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Definition
| In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changes the function of _____. |
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Term
| discriminative stimulus (SD) |
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Definition
| An antecedent stimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with availability of reinforcement is called a _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discriminated operant is defined by a three term contingency of _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change as reinforcement depends on an existing level of _____ with respect to that stimulus change. |
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Term
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Definition
| An establishing operation (EO)(e.g., _____) increases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer. |
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Definition
| An abolishing operation (AO)(e.g., _____) decreases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complete description of reinforcement of a discriminated operant entails a four-term contingency:_____. |
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Term
| Automaticity of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Refers to the fact that a person does not have to understand or be aware of the relation between his behavior and a reinforcing consequence for reinforcement to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement strengthens any behavior that _____ it; no logical or adaptive connection between behavior and the reinforcing consequence is necessary. |
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Definition
| The development of _____ that often appear when reinforcement is presented on a fixed-time schedule irrespective of the subject's behavior demonstrates the arbitrary nature of the behaviors selected by reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Automatic reinforcement occurs when behaviors _____reinforcement independent of the mediation of others. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Reinforcers |
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Definition
| Stimuli that function as reinforcement without requiring a learning history. These stimuli are the product of phylogenic development, meaning that all members of a species are susceptible to the same properties of stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Previously neutral stimuli that function as reinforcers as a result of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers. |
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Term
| generalized conditioned reinforcer |
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Definition
| A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| When reinforcers are described by their _____, they are typically classified as edible, sensory, tangible, activity, or social reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Premack principle states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior _____ on the occurrence of low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. |
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Term
| response-deprivation hypothesis |
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Definition
| A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another bahvior based on wehtehr access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement. |
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Term
| Stimulus Preference Assessment |
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Definition
A variety of procedures used to determine:
(a) - the stimuli that a person prefers
(b) - the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli
(c) - the conditions under which those preferences values remain in effect. |
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Term
| Methods of Performing Stimulus Preference Assessments |
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Definition
- asking the target person and/or significant others what the target person prefers
- conducting free operant observations
- conducting trial-based assessments (i.e., single-, paired-, or multiple-stimulus presentations) |
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Term
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Definition
| Preferred stimuli do not always function as reinforcers, and stimulus preferences often ____ over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of direct, data-based methods for determining the relative effects of a given stimulus as reinforcement under different and changing conditions or the comparative effectiveness of multiple stimuli as reinforcers for a given behavior under specific conditions. |
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Term
| Methods of Conducting Reinforcer Assessment |
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Definition
- concurrent schedules of reinforcement
- multiple schedules of reinforcement
- progressive reinforcement schedules |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive reinforcement _____ are used to manipulate the presentation of a potential reinforcer and observe any effects on the future frequency of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive reinforcement control procedures require a believable demonstration that the _____ following the occurrence of a target response functions as positive reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control is demonstrated by comparing _____ in the absence and presence of a contingency, and then showing that with the absence and presence of the contingency the behavior can be turned on and off, or up and down. |
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Term
| control conditions for reinforcement |
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Definition
- reversal design
- withdrawal of the reinforcement contingency (i.e., extinction) as the control condition
- non-contingent reinforcement (NCR)
- differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
- differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) |
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Term
| Guidelines for increasing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement itnervantions |
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Definition
- Set an easily achieved initial criterion for reinforcement
- Use high quality reinforcers of sufficient magnitude
- Use varied reinforcers
- Use a direct rather than indirect reinforcement contingency whenever possible
- Combine response prompts and reinforcement
- Reinforce each occurrence of the behavior initially, then gradually thin reinforcement schedule
- Use contingent praise and attention
- Gradually increase the response-to-reinforcement delay
- Gradually shift from contrived to naturally occurring reinforcers |
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