Term
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Definition
-membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
-no peptidoglycan
-no sensitive to muramic acid or D-amino acids (antibiotics)
-unique rRNA
-extremophiles |
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Term
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Definition
-aerobic, irregularly lobed, spherical bacteria
-thermoacidophiles
-oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid |
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Term
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Definition
-long thin bent or branched rods
-strict anaerobes
-temp optima 70-97
-PH optima 2.5 -6.5
-grow in hot springs and hot aquatic habitats containing sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
-strict anaerobes that obtain energy by converting CO2, H2, formate, methanol, acetate to methane (and CO2 sometimes)
-suggested earliest organisms
-thrive in anaerobic environments rich in organic compounds
-great potential importance |
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Term
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Definition
-no cell wall
-found in coal mine refuse
-optimum temp and pH 55-59 degrees C, 1-2pH |
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Term
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Definition
-aerobic
-grows between 47-65 deg C
-only grows under 3.5 pH
-optimum .7 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-eukaryotic
-rigid cell wall
-chemoheterotrophs (require organic compounds for both carbon and energy sources_
-obtain nutrients by absorption
-obtain nutrients as saprophytes (live off decaying matter) or as parasites |
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Term
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Definition
-animal/plant diseases
-food spoilage
-decomposition of organic material
-recycling organic compounds in nature
-production of antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
-no peptidoglycan, teiochic acids, or polysacharrides
-contain peptidomannan (mannose polymer antigenic to humans)
-contain glucans (glucose polymers for strength) |
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Term
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Definition
-long unbranched chains of poly N acetyl glucosamine
-structural support |
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Term
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Definition
-contains ergosterol
-major target of antifungal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
-basic morphological unit of all fungi
-branching threadlike tubular filaments
-septate
-coenocytic |
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Term
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Definition
| -contains septa (cross walls) that divide them into distinct units with one nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
-long continuous cell with manu nucelei
-no septa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -portion that obtains nutrients |
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Term
| reproductive/aerial hypha |
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Definition
| portion involved in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Unicellular
-Usually appear as oval cells 1-5 μm wide by 5-30 μm long
-typical eukaryotic structures
-thick polysaccharide cell wall-
-Facultative anaerobic
-Reproduce asexually by budding or fission
-S. cerevisiae
-S. pombe |
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Term
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Definition
-exist in mycelial or yeast morphology depending on environment
-Candida albicans
-Histoplasma capsulatum |
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Term
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Definition
1. Budding
2. Fission
3. Hyphae fragmentation (tubular filaments)
4. Sporulation |
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Term
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Definition
| -uneven cytoplasmic division |
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Term
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Definition
| even cytoplasmic division |
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Term
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Definition
| each part is capable of growth by elongating at tip |
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Term
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Definition
-can be asexual or sexual
-not same as bacterial spores |
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Term
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Definition
-conidiospores
-sporangiospores |
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Term
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Definition
-unicellular or multicellular not enclosed in a sac
-conidia are produced in a chain at the end
-Aspergillus produces conidiospores
-Candida albicans and Cryptococcus produce blastoconidia (buds coming off
the parent cell)
-Candida albicans also produces chlamydoconidia (thick-walled spore
formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment |
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Term
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Definition
-formed within a sac (sporangium) at the end of sporangiophore
-can contain hundreds of sporangiophores
-Rhizopus produces sporangiospores |
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Term
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Definition
-plasmogamy
-karyogamy
-meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
Haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm
of a recipient cell (-) |
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Term
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Definition
The donor (+) and recipient (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores) |
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Term
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Definition
-asexual reproduction through sporangiospores
-sexual reproduction through zygospores
-cause serious infections particularly in diabetics and people with immune deficiency
-zygomycosis is potentially lethal and can affect fetus
-Rhizopus stolonifer, the common black bread mold |
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Term
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Definition
-reproduce asexually through conidia
-sexual reproduction results in ascospore occurs in ascus
-Aspergillus flavus, which grows on peanuts generates
aflatoxin, which damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic
-Candida albicans, a yeast which attacks the mucous membranes, can
cause an infection of the mouth or vagina called thrush, and is also blamed
for "yeast allergies" |
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Term
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Definition
-includes fungi that produce mushrooms
-most reproduce sexually by club shaped basidia that bear external basidiospores
-Cryptococcus neoformans is the most prominent medically important
species
-causes meningitis and
meningo-encephalitis in people with HIV/AIDS
-There are about 37 recognized species of Cryptococcus, the majority
living in the soil and are not harmful to humans |
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Term
| classification of fungal species (based on site of infection) |
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Definition
-superficial mycoses
-subcutaneous mycoses
-opportunistic mycoses
-systemic mycoses |
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Term
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Definition
-produce a capsular polysaccharide
-metabolize keratin (colonization of epidermis, hair, nails)
-grow at host temp (37) as well as temp or normal environment(25)
-can survive in lowered oxidation-reduction state, situation found in damaged tissues |
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Term
| producing a capsular polysaccharide... |
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Definition
-isolates organism from surrounding environment
-plays role in triggering immune response |
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Term
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Definition
-cause infections of outermost layers of skin and hair
-common
-include ringworm and athlete's foot
-tissue damage is minimal and rarely induces immune response |
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Term
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Definition
-development of lesions at sites of infection
-involves deep layers of epidermis like subcutaneous or bone
-feet, legs, arms, hands, butt
-commonly found in soil or decaying vegetation
-hard to treat, requires surgery
-Sporotrichosis found mostly in
gardeners and farmers
-Chromoblastomycosis. Pigmented fungi
in the soil may cause this disease |
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Term
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Definition
-Most commonly causes vaginitis, thrush, balanitis, and cutaneous infections
-women with diabetes, taking contraceptives, having menopause are more prone to vaginitis (high sugar low pH)
-150+ species
-few are important pathogens
-C. albicans is part of the normal flora
-can cause opportunistic infections in people who are immunosuppressed, debilitated, or received prolonged antibacterial therapy |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by fungi found in environment or in normal flora
-may take advantage of weaker host and causes disease
-most common are candida, aspergillus, pneumoncystis |
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Term
| symptoms of opportunistic mycoses |
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Definition
-thrush (infection of tongue/oral muscosa often seen in HIV)
-esophagitis (painful swallowing, chest pain)(hematologic disease/HIV)
-vaginitis (women pregnant, diabetic, receiving antibiotics)
-chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (lesions on face, scalp, hands, defects in T cells) |
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Term
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Definition
-widespread in environment
-doesnt cause illness in healthy people
-causes lung infection in people with weak immune systems, AIDS, organ/bone marrow transplant, premature/malnourished children
-prior to AIDS, p. carinii pneumonia was rare |
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Term
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Definition
1. Antibiotic griseofulvin interferes with nuclear division by binding to tubulin
2. Antimetabolites interfere with normal nucleic acid synthesis.
3. Antibiotics such as amphotericin B, pimaricin, and nystatin are fungicidal drugs
that bind to ergosterol and cause leakage of cellular contents
4. Antibiotics such as clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole interfere with
ergosterol biosynthesis
5. Naftifine (Naftin) and terbinafine (Lamisil) block synthesis of ergosterol |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by most virulent fungi
-may cause serious progressive systemic disease
-primarily originate in lung but may spread |
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Term
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Definition
-baking and brewing (S. cerevisiae)
-antibiotics (penicillin, cephlosporin)
-citric acid in Coke (Aspergillus niger)
-steroids and hormones (birth control pill)
-cheese |
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