Which of the following is part of the environment?

bacteria

(b) oxygen

(c) sun

(d) rocks

All of earth’s natural resources and natural services make up its _________

(d) natural capital

The primary source of earth’s natural capital is ______.

the sun

Which of the following is an example of a natural service provided by earth?

(b) nutrient cycling

Which of the following is an example of a natural resource provided by earth?

a rainforest

Living sustainably, means living off of earth’s _______, not its natural capital.

natural income

Which of the following would be a good practice of an environmentally sustainable society?

(a) Living off of natural income, not earth’s natural capital

(b) Meeting the basic needs of current populations, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs

(c) Consuming resources at a rate that is in equilibrium to the rate of resource production

(d) All of the above

What does GDP stand for?

Gross Domestic Product

What does ‘per capita GDP’ mean?

Economic growth per person

A nation’s economic growth is measured by its

per capita GDP

Developed Country : Moderately Developed County : Developing Country

Japan : India : Congo

What are some of the characteristics of a developing country?

extreme poverty, disease,

scarcity of key resources, dysfunctional government

Any substance that causes a physical or chemical change to the environment is a(n)

Which of the following is an example of a point source pollutant?

greenhouse gasses from the smokestack of a coal burning power plant

T

he current emphasis of society is on protecting species. What is a more sustainable way of thinking about preserving biodiversity

protect more natural habitat

The current emphasis of society is on waste disposal through burning and burying trash. What is a more sustainable way of thinking about waste

waste prevention by reducing, reusing, and recycling materials

The current emphasis of society is on resource use, which depletes earth’s natural capital. What is a more sustainable way of thinking about resource use

consuming natural income and protecting natural capital

What factor(s) cause a shift in human activity towards more sustainable living?

laws, taxes, fines,fees

Which of the following is NOT a cause of earth’s environmental problems?

lack of full-cost pricing

Why is poverty a cause of environmental problems?

because poverty forces people to exploit natural capital in order to obtain their basic needs

because poverty causes population growth since the poor have children as a matter of survival

Why is it difficult to implement full-cost pricing for resource use?

a) quantifying the monetary value of the environment has not been well established

(b) public resists increasing costs

(c) government provides subsidies or tax-breaks to make the cost of resources more affordable

The smallest unit of matter, which retains the properties of its element is a(n) ______.

What is the chemical symbol for Carbon?

C

What is the chemical symbol for Sodium?

Na

What is the chemical symbol for Lead?

Pb

The atomic mass number defines the element and tells us the number of _______ that the atom contains.

Protons

A particle with a different number of protons than electrons is a(n) _______.

ion

A particle with a different number of protons than neutrons is a(n)

isotope

Which of the following is one of the three subatomic particles of an atom?

prtoton

An example of an ion is _______.

H

An example of an isotope is

146

What is the product of the following reaction: C + O

______

CO

How many atoms are in a molecule of water (H

O)?

3

How many atoms are in a molecule of methane (CH

)?

5

Which of the following elements is the MOST electronegative?

F (Fluorine)

Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction

water and carbon dioxide combine to form glucose during photosynthesis

Burning wood is an example of a(n) ________.

chemical reaction

The mass number of an element is the ________.

number of protons plus number of neutrons

The pH of pure water is

7

An acidic solution has a higher concentration of ____ ions.

H

A basic solution has a higher concentration of ___ ions.

OH

The Law of Conservation of Matter suggests that _______.

atoms cannot be created or destroyed

The Law of Conservation of Energy suggests that

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Organic compounds are primarily composed of ________.

Carbon

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

(a) carbohydrate

(b) lipid

(c) protein

(d) nucleic Acid

What role do carbohydrates serve in the functioning of organisms?

provides cellular structure and support

What role do lipids serve in the functioning of organisms?

forms cell membrane

What role doe proteins serve in the functioning of organisms?

performs specified functions

What role doe nucleic acids serve in the functioning of organisms?

contains genetic material

What is energy?

(a) the capacity to do work

(b) heat

(c) movement

(d) electricity

Electricity (which is the movement of electrons through a wire) is an example of _________.

kinetic energy

Heat is an example of _________.

kinetic energy

The energy stored within bonds of gasoline molecule is an example of

potential energy

In Hubbard Brook, NH deforestation along the riparian zone of Hubbard Creek has been shown to cause leaching (the pulling nutrients from the soil to the waterway) of which important nutrient

(e) NO

Why did the stream in Hubbard Brook, NH experience an increase in NO

concentration after deforestation of the stream’s riparian zone

because without plants to absorb nutrients, like NO3

A study in New Hampshire observed the water quality impact of deforestation along stream banks of Hubbard Brook. What was the independent variable in this experiment

amount of trees in the riparian zone

What is the definition of ecology?

the study of how organisms interact with their biotic environment

the study of how organisms interact with their abiotic environment

The smallest unit of life is a(n) _______.

(c) cell

The cell theory suggests that _______.

all life is composed of cells

The organic molecule, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is a long strand of _______.

genes

These microscopic, single-celled organisms are found almost everywhere on earth. They are vital to the nutrient cycle, but often get a bad reputation as a threat to human health. What are they

microbes

Which of the following correctly lists the layers of the earth from the center to the outside?

Core – Mantel – Crust

Which of the following correctly lists the gaseous layers from the earth’s surface to the outside

Troposphere – Atmosphere – Stratosphere

The degree of reflectivity that a surface has it is ________.

albeto

Which if the following surfaces on earth produce the highest albeto effect

glacier

Energy from the sun reaches earth in the form of

(a) visible light

(b) infrared energy (heat)

(c) ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Which of the following molecules is located within the stratosphere, absorbs 95% of the sun’s incoming UV radiation, and makes life on earth possible

Ozone (O

How is the

greenhouse effect

a) The anthropogenic greenhouse effect is caused by human activity

2 and CH4 (c) The anthropogenic greenhouse effect is the result of an increase in gasses, such as CO

(d) The anthropogenic greenhouse effect has been taking place for 100 years, while the natural greenhouse effect has been taking place for billions of years

What are the REACTANTS in the reaction for photosynthesis?

6CO

What are the PRODUCTS of the reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

C

What is an autotroph?

(a) A photosynthetic organism

(b) A plant

(c) Cyanobacteria

(d) A producer

What is a heterotroph?

A consumer

The ecological efficiency, or percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next, is in the range of

 2 – 40%

What is the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?

The rate at which autotrophs produce energy relative to the rate at which heterotrophs consume energy

Which of the following terrestrial ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity?

Swamps and marshes

Which of the following aquatic ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity?

Estuaries

Which of the following accurately lists the steps of the hydrologic cycle in order?

Evaporation – Condensation – Precipitation – Infiltration – Percolation

Water has several unique properties that enable it to support life on Earth. Which of the follow is NOT a property of water?

Water condenses and becomes more dense as it freezes

Which of the following are carbon sinks?

(a) CO

dissolved in the oceans

(b) Carbon stored in limestone and sediments

(c) Carbon found in fossil fuels

(d) Carbon located within plants

How have anthropogenic factors influenced the carbon cycle?

(a) Destruction of rainforests via slash and burn methods has released carbon dioxide and reduced the rate of photosynthesis

(b) The burning of fossil fuels has increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere

(c) Large cattle farms are a major source of methane

This element is the most abundant element in the atmosphere. It makes up 78% of the total amount of atmospheric gasses.

Nitrogen

How have anthropogenic factors influenced the nitrogen cycle?

(a) Runoff from animal farms adds large volumes of nitrogen to waterways

(b) Excessive fertilization of agricultural fields adds nitrates to the environment

(c) Nitrogen oxides are added to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels

Plants can use nitrogen when it is in the form of _______.

(c) ammonium ion (NH

4+)

3-)

In contrast to other biogeochemical cycles, the phosphorus cycle does not involve the _______.

atmosphere

Most soils are considered to be phosphate poor, making phosphorus a primary

limiting factor

How have anthropogenic factors influenced the phosphorus cycle

(a) Runoff from fertilized fields adds excess phosphates to waterways

(b) Effluent from wastewater treatment facilities adds large volumes of phosphorus to waterways

(c) Cleaning products that are not properly disposed of add phosphates to waterways

(d) All of the above

The idea, proposed by Charles Darwin, that all species descend from earlier species is known as ______.

The Theory of Evolution

Natural selection is dependant on ______.

(a) mutations

(b) inherited traits

Scientists predict that there have been 5 mass extinctions throughout the history of life on earth. What defines a mass extinction?

Extinction of at least half the life on earth at a given time

a habitat is equivalent to a species’ address, its _______ is equivalent to its job.

niche

Over time, tectonic movements in the earth’s crust caused the ancient continent, known as ________, to separate into the 7 continents that we know today.

Pangaea

A species that is native to a region and found only in that regions is considered to be a(n) _____ specie

endemic

Speciation is the creation of an entirely new species. This is the result of geographic isolation followed by ________ isolation

reproductive

What is the primary way in which humans caused premature extinction of certain species

Habitat destruction

Competition for limited resources drives _______.

natural selection

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is a(n) ________.

organism with genes from a different species