3 major factors to consider when defining communication.

-Human (meaning rests in people)

-Process (does not occur in isolation)

-Symbolic (arbitary, lies in the individual)

Interpersonal Communication

Communication with oneself (daydreaming)

Intrapersonal

Between two people (Dyadic)

Small Group

Between 3 or more people

Public

Group becomes too large for all members to contribute

Functions of communication

-Physical Needs: necessary for physical health

-Identity Needs: only way we know who we are

-Social Needs: communication provides a vital link to others

-Practical Needs: serves important everday functions

Transactional Model

Communication done with others

reflects fluid, simultaneous interaction of sending and receiving by communicators using feedback that can be observed and interpreted.

Linear Model

Communication Competence

-Ability to achieve one's goals in a manner that maintains or enhances the relationship

-Process through trial-and-error and observation

-Chooses from a repertoire of a wide range of behaviors and options; the communicator selects the most appropriate behavior with empathy and an appreciation of the other's perspective by constructing a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue

Competence

-Motivation

-Tolerance for ambiguity

-Open-mindedness

-Knowledge

-Skill

Misconceptions

-Does not require complete understanding, nor does it solve all problems.
-Neither good nor bad; this is because the meaning or interpretation rests in people, not words

-Is not simple, and more is not always better.

Narratives

-Personal stories we and others create to make sense of our personal world

Percerptual Tendencies

-Pay attention to negative

-Snap judegments

-Self-serving bias

-Cling to first inpressions

-Similar to us

 Language Rules

-Phonological Rule: How they sound

-Syntactic Rule: Way symbols arranged

-Semantic Rule: Words mean in given context

-Pragmatice Rule: How people actually use language

Attitude

How we complicate language

-Relative words: gain meaning by comparison (few/some)

-Jargon: specialized vocabulary used to shorthabd for people with a common experience

-Slang: language belongs to co-culture

-Overly abstract language: speech that refers to events vaguely

Emotive Language

Sounds descriptive but really describes a person's attitude

Bad Listening Behaviors

-Pseudo-Listening: Pretending

-Selective Listening: Responding to parts we are only interested in

-Detensive: Taking innocent comments as personal attacks

-Ambushing: Listen carefully but only for attacks

-Insulated: Failure to hear what you don't want to hear

-Insensitive: Only focusing on the words

-Stage hogging

Why?

-Message Overload

-Rapid thought

-Psychological noise

-Hearing problems

-Faulty Assumptions

-We believe talking is better

-Media Influences

Content Oriented

Evaluate the quality of info you hear

-Good: when look at an idea from a variety of perspective

-Bad: takes more time and can be irritating

People Oriented

Concerned with creating positive relationships

-Good: less judgemental and more supportive

-Bad: can easil be overwhelming

Action Oriented

Concerned with task at hand

-Good: keeping things organized and concise

-Bad: minimizes social concerns

Tone Oriented

Mostly concerned with efficiency

-Good: when immediate action is required

-Bad: can hamper thoughtful consideration

Informative Listening

Understand what speaker is saying

Critical Listening

-Listen for info before you evaluate

-Evidence sufficient

-Emotional appeal

Supportive Listening

-Advising

-Judging