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| Following a period of food restricting, physical activity suppresses food intake and declining body weight increases activity. This negative feedback loop is called _____ in rats, and a similar cycle occurs in many anorexic patients. |
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On interval schedules of reinforcement, or time-based delivery of food, organisms often show excessive behavior within the interreinforcement interval.
For example, rats may drink up to three times their usual daily water intake (polydipsia) over a 1-h session. This behavior immediately follows reinforcement and is a side effect of periodic food delivery. |
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A respondent conditioning procedure that generates skeletal responses.
For example, a key light is turned on for a few seconds before grain is presented to a pigeon. After several pairings of the key light and grain, the bird begins to peck the key. This effect was first reported as autoshaping - an automatic way to teach pigeons to key peck. |
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| A species-specific set of responses elicited by a particular unconditioned stimulus (US). That is, for each species there is a behavior system related to procurement of food, another related to obtaining water, and yet another for securing warmth. |
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| The evolutionary history and biological status of an organisms, which are part of the context for specific environment-behavior interactions. |
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| Conditioned Taste Preference |
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| When a taste or flavor CS is repeatedly associated with an appetitive US such as the sweetness of sugar, in a choice test, animals prefer the solution with the CS-taste. |
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| The ontogenetic and phylogenetic histories of an organism, including its current physiological status as well as contextual events or stimuli that are present when conditioning occurs are the _____. |
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This behavior is observed in the natural environment and is characterized as irrelevant, incongruous, or out of context. That is, the behavior of the animal does not make sense given, the situation, and the displaced responses do not appear to follow from immediately preceding behavior.
Like adjunctive behavior, these types of responses arise when consummatory activities such as eating are interrupted or prevented. |
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| Collateral behavior generated by properties of a schedule of reinforcement. |
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| Species-characteristic behavior that becomes more and more invasive during operant training. |
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Birds are autoshaped to peck a key, but in negative automaintenance food is not presented if the bird pecks the key.
This is also called an omission procedure or training, because food reinforcement is omitted if key pecking occurs. |
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| Omission procedure (training) |
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| Another term used for Negative Automaintenance. |
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Excessive Drinking. It is an adjunctive beahvior induced by the time-based delivery of food.
For example, a rat that is working for food on an intermittent schedule may drink as much as half its body weight during a single session. This drinking occurs even though the animal is not water deprived. |
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Some relations between stimuli, and between stimuli and responses, are more likely because of phylogenetic history. This phenomenon has been called _____.
For example, a bird that relies on sight for food selection would be expected to associate the appearance of a particular food item with illness, but rats that select food on the basis of taste quickly make a flavor-illness association. |
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| Schedule-induced behavior |
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| Also referred to as Adjunctive or Interim Behavior. |
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Approaching a sign (or stimulus) that signals a biologically relevant event.
For example, dogs are required to sit on a mat and a stimulus that signals food is presented to the animals. When the food signal is presented, the dogs approach the stimulus and make food-soliciting responses to it. |
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| When a conditioned stimulus (e.g., light) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food), the conditioned stimulus is said to substitute for the unconditioned stimulus. That is, food evokes salivation and by conditioning the light elicits similar behavior. |
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| When a distinctive taste (e.g., flavored liquid) is paired with nausea or sickness induced by a drug, X-ray, or even physical activity, the organism shows suppression of intake of the paired flavor. |
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On a schedule of reinforcement, as the time for reinforcement gets close, animals engage in activities related to the presentation of the reinforcer.
For example, a rat will orient toward the food cup. |
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| Adjunctive Behavior is also called _____. |
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