Term
|
Definition
| Behavior relations that are based on the genetic endowment of an organism, and that are present on the basis of species history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that aids survival or procreation is often (but now always) _____. This is because past generations of organisms that engaged in such behavior survived and reproduced. These animals passed on to the next generation the characteristics (via genes) that allowed similar behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species history provides the organism with a basic repertoire of responses that are evoked by _____. |
|
|
Term
| Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) |
|
Definition
| A sequence or chain of behavior set off by a specific stimulus. The component responses are repeated almost identically with each presentation of the stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fixed action patterns are based on a _____, and the environment simply initiates the sequence.
For example, the male stickleback fish will aggressively defend its territory from male intruders during the mating season. The fish shows a fixed action sequence of threatening actions that are elicited by the red underbelly of an intruding male. |
|
|
Term
| Modal Action Patterns (MAPs) |
|
Definition
| The behavioral flexibility of seemingly fixed action patterns. The major topographic features of these reflex combinations may appear similar across individuals and situations, but there are numerous idiosyncratic differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All robins build nests that appear very similar in construction. However, it is clear they do not all build in the same location, or use the same materials. There is great individual variation in all phases of nest construction, suggesting _____ by the environment (ontogeny). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phylogenetic sequences of behavior. An environmental stimulus sets off behavior that produces stimuli that set off the next set of responses in the sequence; these behaviors produce the next set of stimuli, and so on. Presenting stimuli that prompt responses ordinarily occurring in the middle part of the sequence will start the chain at that point rather than at the beginning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction chains are like consecutive sets of _____ where the stimulus that elicits the next response in the sequence is produced by the previous reflex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The increased reproductive success of genes that code for attributes or behavior that is attractive (having a stimulus function) to the opposite sex. Individuals with these features and underlying genes have increased chances of copulation and bearing more offspring compared with those who lack such attractiveness. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
| All organisms are born with a set of reflexes. These relationships are invariant and biologically based. The eliciting event for the reflex is called the _____. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
|
Definition
| All organisms are born with a set of reflexes. These relationships are invariant and biologically based. The behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (US) is called the _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response (US->UR), the relationship is called a _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respondent (CR) and reflexive (UR) behavior is _____ in the sense that the behavior is made to occur by the presentation of a stimulus (CS or US). |
|
|
Term
| Primary Laws of the Reflex |
|
Definition
These include:
- The law of the threshold
- The law of intensity-magnitude
- The law of latency
These laws govern the US->UR relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At very weak intensities a stimulus will not elicit a response, but as the intensity of the eliciting stimulus increases there is a point at which the response is evoked. That is, there is a point below which no response is elicited and above which a response always occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
| All organisms are born with a set of reflexes. These relationships are invariant and biologically based. The eliciting event for the reflex is called the _____. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
|
Definition
| All organisms are born with a set of reflexes. These relationships are invariant and biologically based. The behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (US) is called the _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response (US->UR), the relationship is called a _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respondent (CR) and reflexive (UR) behavior is _____ in the sense that the behavior is made to occur by the presentation of a stimulus (CS or US). |
|
|
Term
| Primary Laws of the Reflex |
|
Definition
These include:
- The law of the threshold
- The law of intensity-magnitude
- The law of latency
These laws govern the US->UR relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At very weak intensities a stimulus will not elicit a response, but as the intensity of the eliciting stimulus increases there is a point at which the response is evoked. That is, there is a point below which no response is elicited and above which a response always occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Law of Intensity-Magnitude |
|
Definition
| As the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus (US) increases, so does the magnitude or size of the unconditioned response (UR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) increase, the latency (time to onset) of the unconditioned response (UR) decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (US) repeatedly elicits an unconditioned response (UR). The frequent presentation of the US produced a gradual decline in the magnitude of the unconditioned response. When the UR is repeatedly elicited it may eventually fail to occur at all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each organism has a unique life history that contributes to its behavior. These changes in behavior are caused by events that occur over the lifetime of an individual. This history builds on species history (phylogeny) to determine when, where, and what kind of behavior will occur at a given moment. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
|
Definition
| An arbitrary stimulus, such as a tone, is associated with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits reflexive behavior (e.g., food elicits salivation). After several pairings, the stimulus is presented alone. If the stimulus now elicits a response (tone evokes salivation), the response to the tone is called a _____. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| An arbitrary stimulus, such as a tone, is associated with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits reflexive behavior (e.g., food elicits salivation). After several pairings, the stimulus is presented alone. If the stimulus now elicits a response (tone elicits salivation), it is called a _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This refers to behavior that increase or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) that precedes the conditioned response (CR).
We say that the presentation of the CS regulates or controls the respondent (CR).
This type of behavior is elicited, in the sense that it reliably occurs when the CS is presented. The notation system used with elicited behavior is CS -> CR. The CS causes (arrow) the CR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This occurs when an organism responds to a new event based on a history of pairing with a biologically important stimulus.
Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov discovered this form of conditioning at the turn of the century. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned taste aversion (CTA) |
|
Definition
| A sweet-flavored liquid may function as a conditioned stimulus (CS) in taste-aversion conditioning, and drug-induced sickness (e.g., using lithium chloride) may serve as the unconditioned stimulus (US). After repeated pairings of the flavor or taste with the drug, the animal shows avoidance of the sweet-flavored solution. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned place preference (CPP) |
|
Definition
| A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a particular place or location and the sweet-flavored solution is the unconditioned stimulus (US). The solution is given in one distinct chamber (stripes) but not in another (white), and the animal shows a preference by a choice test for the location paired with the solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When stimuli or events occur near in time they become similar in function. To be most effective, the conditioning procedures should arrange that the neutral stimulus PREDICTS (comes just before) the unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the procedure of pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (US) over trials when the respondent level for the CS is near zero.
It also refers to the increase in magnitude of the conditioned response (CR) when the respondent level for the CS is near zero. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involves the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus after acquisition has occurred.
As a behavioral process, it refers to a decline in the strength of the conditioned response when an EXT procedure is in effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The baseline level (magnitude) of the conditioned response (CR) to the conditioned stimulus (CS) before any known conditioning has taken place.
For example, the amount of salivation (CR) to a tone (CS) before the tone has been paired with food in the mouth is usually zero (no salivation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the magnitude of the conditioned response (CR) after respondent extinction has occurred and time has passed. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Analysis of Spontaneous Revovery |
|
Definition
| A _____ suggests that the relationship between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and CR is weakened by extinction, but the context or features of the situation elicit some level of the conditioned responses. During respondent conditioning, many stimuli not specified by the researcher as the CS, but present in the experimental situation, come to regulate behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uncontrolled sights, sounds, smells, etc. that are the background for conditioning. These stimuli are conditioned at the same time that behavior is strengthened. |
|
|
Term
| Respondent Generalization |
|
Definition
This occurs when an organism shows a conditioned response to values of the conditioned stimulus that have not been trained.
For example, if a tone of 375 Hz is followed by food, a dog will salivate at maximum level when this tone is presented. However, the animal may salivate to other values of the tone. As the tone differs more and more from 375 Hz, the conditioned response decreases in magnitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalization occurs when an organism shows a conditioned response (CR) to values of the conditioned stimulus (CS) that were not trained during acquisition. A ____ is the function (graph) that relates values of the CS (loudness of tone) to a measure of response strength (amount of CR). |
|
|
Term
| Respondent discrimination |
|
Definition
| This occurs when an organism shows a conditioned response to one stimulus but not to other similar events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An alternative term for latent inhibition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term used to denote that an animal's learning of the CS-US relation is reduced or inhibited by pre-exposure of the CS, revealed by an acquisition test following the conditioning phase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A procedure in which animals are first given repeated exposures to the unconditioned stimulus (US) by itself and then a series of CS-> US pairings (conditioning).
Compared with animals given pairings with a novel US, those familiar with the US (pre-exposed) show weaker and slower conditioning on the acquisition test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A _____ involves positive and negative conditioning trials. For example, a positive trial occurs when a CS+ such as a 60-dB tone is followed by an unconditioned stimulus such as food. On negative trials, a 40-dB tone is presented (CS-) but not followed by food. Once a differential response occurs (salivation to 60dB but not to 40dB), we may say that the organisms discriminates between the tones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented a few seconds before the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
|
Definition
| The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are presented at the same moment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented for a brief period and after some time has elapsed the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The unconditioned stimulus (US) comes on before the conditioned stimulus (CS).
The general consensus has been that it is unreliable and many researchers question whether it occurs at all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is evidence that backward chaining can occur when the CS has _____ (e.g., the sight of a predator). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compared with delayed conditioning, simultaneous conditioning produces a _____ conditioned response (CR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generally, as the time between the CS presentation and the occurrence of the US _____, the conditioned response (CR) becomes weaker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An apparently neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). When this occurs, the control of the response to the US is transferred to the neutral stimulus, which is now called a conditioned stimulus (CS). |
|
|
Term
| second-order conditioning |
|
Definition
| Involves pairing two conditioned stimuli (CS1+CS2), rather than a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus (US+CS). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Walter cannon coined the term in 1926 to describe the tendency of a system to remain stable and to resist change.
In biological systems, it refers to the regulation of the system by negative feedback loops.
Involves self-regulation to maintain an internal evnironment in a stable or constant condition by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conducted several experiments on second-order conditioning with metronome tick, black square and food presentation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ and other emotional responses may sometimes involve higher-order respondent conditioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When more of a drug (US) is needed to obtain the same drug effects (UR).
In respondent conditioning, the counteractive effects to conditioned stimuli are major components in this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a conditioned stimulus (CS) that accompanies drug use is presented, people are said to have "cravings" and this respondent process is called _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The effect of an inert substance on the "physiological wellbeing" of a patient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In respondent conditioning, two or more conditioned stimuli are presented together and acquire the capacity to evoke a single conditioned response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This effect occurs when a compound stimulus is used as the conditioned stimulus in a respondent conditioning experiment.
The most salient property of the compound stimulus comes to regulate exclusively the conditioned response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A CS that has been associated with a US blocks a subsequent CS-US association.
A CS1 is paired with a US until the conditioned response reaches maximum strength. Following this conditioning, a second stimulus or CS2 is presented at the same time as the original CS1, and both are paired with the US. On test trials, the original CS1 elicits the CR but the second stimulus or CS2 does not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A previously conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive US such as an electric shock.
After several pairings, the original CS becomes a conditioned aversive stimulus and its onset suppresses ongoing operant behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A conditioned stimulus acquired a limited amount of associative strength on any one trial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During respondent conditioning, the term is used to describe the relation between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the magnitude of the conditioned response (CR). |
|
|
Term
| maximum associative strength |
|
Definition
The CS can acquire only so much control over a conditioned response CR.
The US elicits a given magnitude over the UR and this magnitude sets the upper limit for the CR.
The CS cannot elicit a greater response than the one produced by the US. |
|
|
Term
| change in associative strength |
|
Definition
| A factor that affects the increment in associative strength on any one trial; the change in associative strength is the difference between the present strength of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and its maximum possible value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The symbol S in the R-W equation is a constant that varies between 0 and 1, and may be interpreted as the _____.
The constant is estimated after conditioning and determines how quickly the associative strength of the CS rises to its maximum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In general, associative strength _____ over conditioning trials and reaches some maximum level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A _____ salience coefficient makes the associative strength of the CS rise more quickly to its maximum. |
|
|
