Term
The combined weight of all atmospheric gases creating a forced upon the surface of the earth result in a force known as:
A) pressure
B) gravity
C) ram
D) gravitational forces |
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Definition
| B) Gravity is the result of the combined weight of all atmospheric gases creating a force of upon the surface of the earth. Source of ram is one of the atmospheric functions. Gravitational forces are the force the person exerts when seated in direct response to a gravitational force. |
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Term
Pressure altitudes are flown over the continental U.S. above _____ feet and are known as "flight levels".
A) 10,000
B) 15,000
C) 18,000
D) 25,000 |
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Definition
| C) Pressured altitudes are flown over the continental U.S. above 18,000 feet and are referred to as flight levels. |
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Term
At 10,000-15,000 feet, night vision is reduced by:
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 50% |
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Definition
| D) Night vision is reduced by 50% at 10,000-15,000 feet |
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Term
| What is the formula for Henry's formula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for Boyle's formula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for Dalton's formula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for Charles' formula? |
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Definition
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Term
Barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level?
A) 160
B) 593
C) 7
D) 760 |
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Definition
A) Partial pressure is calculated as: oxygen concentration x barometric pressure = oxygen parcel pressure.
21.95% × 760 = 159.22 |
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Term
In which zone is a pressurized cabin mandatory?
A) physiological zone
B) physiologically deficient zone
C) partial space equivalent zone
D) space equivalent zone |
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Definition
| C) Partial space equivalent zone is similar to space and a pressurized environment is mandatory. The physiological zone is where most humans can adapt. Physiologically deficient zone is where symptoms of altitude began to appear. |
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Term
At 30,000 feet what is the average time of useful consciousness (TUC)?
A) 30 minutes
B) 3-5 minutes
C) 1-2 minutes
D) 15-30 minutes |
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Definition
| C) The time of useful consciousness (TUC) or Effective Performance Time (EPT) is the period of time between the interaction of oxygen supply or exposure to an oxygen-for environment and time when a pilot work crew member is unable to perform flying duties effectively. At 30,000 feet TUC is 1-2 minutes. |
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Term
At 15,000-20,000 feet you would expect oxygen saturation to be____ without supplemental oxygen.
A) 90-98%
B) 80-90%
C) 70-80%
D) 60-70% |
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Definition
| C) oxygen saturation will be between 70 to 80% at this altitude, which is where the disturbance stage of hypoxia occurs |
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Term
During ascent a pressure differential is achieved in the middle ear with which of the following?
A) every 100-500 feet
B) every 500-1000 feet
C) a pressure differential is only achieved during decent pressure
D) none of the above |
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Definition
| B) as pressure in the middle ear increases, the eardrum bulges outward until a differential pressure is achieved (every 500 to 1000 feet of ascent) and a small amount of gas is forced out through the eustachian to, and the eardrum relaxes |
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Term
During flight your patient starts complaining of severe pain above his eyebrows and to his cheek areas. He also develops a nosebleed. What is the most likely cause?
A) barosinusitis
B) barogastralgia
C) barotitis media
D) barodontalgia |
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Definition
| A) symptoms of barosinusitis include severe pain to the sinus is, possible epistaxis, and possible referred pain to teeth. Barogastralgia can cause N/V, belching, flatulence, and abdominal pain. Barotitis media can cause your fullness, tinnitus, pain, possible bleeding, decreased hearing, and vertigo. Barodontalgia causes severe to pain. |
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Term
You are transporting a patient by fixed wing. The plane is at 22,000 feet when the compression oh corps. What is your TUC?
A) 1-2 minutes
B) 3-5 minutes
C) 3-5 minutes
D) 15-30 minutes |
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Definition
| C) at 22,000 feet Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) is 5-10 minutes. Rapid decompression can reduce TUC by 50%. At 25,000 feet you have 3-5 minutes. At 30,000 feet TUC is 1-2 minutes and under 20,000 feet TUC is 30 minutes or more. |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a type of decompression sickness?
A) bends
B) chokes
C) creeps
D) stutters |
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Definition
| D) the four types of bends (limb pain); the chokes (respiratory disturbances), the creeps (paresthesia), and the staggers (neurological) |
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Term
Diving to a depth of____feet will cause the body to absorb twice the amount of nitrogen normally present.
A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50 |
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Definition
| B) diving to a depth of about 30 feet will cause the body to absorb twice the nitrogen normally present |
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Term
For every ____ foot increase in altitude, atmospheric temperature decreases 2°C.
A) 330
B) 500
C) 1000
D) 1500 |
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Definition
| C) atmospheric temperature decreases 2°C for each 1000 feet increase in altitude |
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Term
Which the fact will you see with positive gravitational forces?
A) pooling of blood in the upper body
B) headaches
C) dizziness
D) increased intravascular pressures |
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Definition
| D) positive gravitational forces cause blood pooling in lower extremities, increased intravascular pressures, and stagnant hypoxia. Negative gravitational forces cause stagnant hypoxia, blood pooling in the upper body, and headaches. |
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Term
The transport crew member knows that the permissible unprotected exposure time to 96 decibels is:
A) 8 hours
B) 4 hours
C) 1 hour
D) never permissible |
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Definition
| C)the time of permissible unprotected exposure time to 96 decibels is 1 hour. For each for db increase above 80 db, that time limit for daily exposure is reduced by ½. |
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Term
What is the limit and decibels that your plugs are defective protection?
A) 80 db
B) 95 db
C) 105 db
D) 115 db |
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Definition
| B) ear plugs work best for reduction of low frequency noise and are very effective to 115 db |
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Term
Which system is responsible for perception of movement and orientation?
A) visual system
B) destibular system
C) somatosensory system
D) proprioceptive system |
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Definition
| B) the vestibular system controls motion, balance, gravity-sensing organs with the inner ear and is responsible for perception of motion and orientation. The visual is the most reliable system. Somatosensory and Proprioceptibe system are the same and responsible for perception of position and movement of the body. |
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Term
Stresses may be categorized in five basic types. Which of the following is NOT one of the types?
A) physical
B) psychological
C) metaphysical
D) pathological |
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Definition
| C) stresses may be categorized in five basic types as follows: physical, psychological, physiological, psychosocial, pathological. |
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Term
At what altitude with the transport crew expect to see a belligerence, euphoria, sleepiness, and slowed thinking as an occurrence without supplemental oxygen?
A) 5000 feet
B) 10,000 feet
C) 15,000 feet
D) 20,000 feet |
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Definition
| C)at 15,000 feet symptoms of belligerence, euphoria, sleepiness, and slowed thinking may be seen as a result of altitude effects on the body. |
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Term
You are transporting a patient who is on 60% face mask. You pick the patient up at 2500 feet (693 mmHg) and you will be transporting with a maximum altitude of 7000 feet (586 mmHg) by helicopter. What concentration of 02 will be needed during transport by air to maintain the same oxygen saturation during flight?
A) 80%
B) 71%
C) 60%
D) 51% |
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Definition
B)71% oxygen will be needed during transport to maintain the same saturation that the patient had at the beginning of the transport on the 60% mask.
FIO2 X BP1 ÷ BP2
(0.6 X 693 ÷ 586) = 71 |
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Term
Which of the following is not a normal symptom of high altitude hypoxia?
A) dizziness
B) headaches
C) chest pain
D) blurred vision |
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Definition
| C) as altitude and hypoxia increase, a person can expect to have symptoms of apprehension, blurred or double vision, night vision decreases, dizziness, headache, sleepiness, nausea, tingling, numbness, hot and/or cold flashes, euphoria, and belligerence |
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Term
Which of the following statements best summarizes Henry's Law?
A) the sum total of the partial pressures is equal to total atmospheric pressure
B) the amount of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of gas above the solution
C) a pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature with the volume remaining constant
D) at a constant temperature, a given volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressures surrounding the gas |
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Definition
| B) Henry's Law, also known as the Law of Gases in Solution, states that the amount of gas in solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution. This law can be seen in the transfer of gas between the alveoli and the blood. |
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Term
Decompression sickness is an example of which of the following gas laws?
A) Henry's Law
B) Boyle's Law
C) Dalton's Law
D) Graham's Law |
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Definition
| A) Henry's Law is significant physiologically for decompression sickness. As a scuba diver ascends too rapidly from a deep dive, nitrogen bubbles form in the blood. |
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Term
Which of the following conditions is NOT a result of the physiological effects of gravitational forces?
A) cyanosis
B) headaches
C) stagnant hypoxia
D) blood pooling in lower extremities |
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Definition
| A) cyanosis is not an example of the physiological effects of gravitational forces. Stagnant hypoxia is related to positive and negative Gz; blood pooling and the lower extremities is related to positive Gz, and headaches are an effect of negative Gz. |
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Term
The physiological deficient zone, the fine as an altitude of 10,000 to 50,000 feet, is considered:
A) in altitude that is similar to space
B) and altitude that requires pressure suits
C) the zone to which the human body is adapted
D) a zone in which human survival depends upon pressurization or supplemental oxygen |
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Definition
| D) the physiologically deficient zone (10,000 to 50,000 feet) is where the majority of commercial aviation brokers. A humans survival depends upon pressurization and supplemental oxygen. |
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Term
Which of the following statements best summarizes Dalton's Law?
A) the sum total of the partial pressure is equal to all atmospheric pressure
B) the amount of gas in a solution is proportional to the partial pressure of gas above the solution
C) pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature with the volume remaining constant
D) at a constant temperature, a given volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure surrounding the gas |
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Definition
| A) Dalton's Law, also referred to as the law of partial pressure, states that the sum of the partial pressures is equal to the total atmospheric pressure. This explains hypoxia at higher altitudes. |
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Term
Which of the following conditions is an unavoidable stress inherent and the aviation environment?
A) fatigue
B) vibration
C) dehydration
D) hypoglycemia |
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Definition
| B) stress is inherent to the aviation environment and includes vibration, gravitational forces, and barometric pressure changes. Fatigue, dehydration, and hypoglycemia can be the result of the stress of flight, but are for the most part avoidable. |
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Term
To increase personal resistance to fatigue, members of the air and medical team can:
A) maintain good physical condition
B) use hearing protection
C) avoid dehydration
D) all of the above |
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Definition
| D) to increase personal resistance to fatigue, the air medical team member must know personal sleep requirements to maintain them. Keep in good condition with proper diet, exercise, recreation, and moderation of smoking and alcohol. Where personal protective gear, rich hearing protection. Avoid dehydration by maintaining adequate liquid and snack intake. Limiting personal concerns prior to coming into work is also helpful to increasing personal resistance to fatigue. |
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Term
Which of the following is not one of the four basic variables that affect gas volumetric relationships?
A) temperature
B) volume
C) relative mass
D) altitude |
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Definition
| D) the four basic variables that affect gas volume relationships are temperature, pressure, volume, and the relative mass of a gas or the number of molecules. Gas laws govern the bodies physiological response to barometric pressure changes by these four variables. |
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Term
Gas exchange at a cellular level in which a gas from a higher concentration moves to a lower and is an example of which gas law?
A) Henry's Law
B) Graham's Law
C) Boyle's Law
D) Dalton's Law |
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Definition
| B) Gramm's law capitalize at states that the rate of diffusion of a gas through a liquid medium is directly related to the solubility of the gas and inversely proportional to the square root of its density pr gram molecular weight. This means gas goes from a higher to lower concentration. |
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Term
The transport crew understands that night vision is altered at altitudes of:
A) 3000 feet
B) 5000 feet
C) 7000 feet
D) 10,000 feet |
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Definition
| B) night vision loss occurs in the first stage of hypoxia at 5000 feet |
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Term
Which stage of hypoxia is characterized by an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and the depth and rate of respirations?
A) indifferent stage
B) compensatory stage
C) disturbance stage
D) critical stage |
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Definition
| B) the second stage is the compensatory stage, which extends from 10,000 to 15,000 feet. This is the stage in which the body attempts to protect itself against hypoxia. An increase in BP, HR, RR, and respiration depth occurs |
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Term
A patient with a pneumothorax is at risk for which type of hypoxia when transported by helicopter?
A) hypoxic hypoxia
B) stagnant hypoxia
C) hypemic hypoxia
D) histotoxic hypoxia |
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Definition
| A) Hypoxic hypoxia is a deficiency in alveolar oxygen exchange. Pneumothorx is an example of a cause of reduction ion gas exchange. |
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Term
Which stage of hypoxia can be caused by G forces during fixed-wing transport?
A) hypoxic hypoxia
B) stagnant hypoxia
C) hypemic hypoxia
D) histotoxic hypoxia |
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Definition
| B) stagnant hypoxia occurs when conditions exist that result in reduced cardiac output, pooling of the blood within certain regions of the body, a decreased blood flow to the tissues, or restriction of blood flow. |
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Term
While transporting a trauma patient by fixed wing, cabin decompression occurs at 30,000 feet. How much time before the crew loses deliberate function?
A) less than 15 seconds
B) 30-60 seconds
C) 90 seconds
D) 3-5 minutes |
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Definition
| C) at 30,000 feet the crew will have 90 seconds from the point of exposure to an oxygen-deficient environment to the point where deliberate function is lost |
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Term
While completing a rotor wing transport one crew member begins to experience pain in their upper posterior teeth during decent. What could be the cause?
A) barotitis media
B) delayed ear block
C) barodontalgia
D) barosinusitis |
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Definition
| C) direct barodontalgia is generally manifested by moderate to severe pain that usually develops during ascent. In direct barodontalgia is a dull, poorly defined pain that involves the posterior maxillary teeth and develops during decent. Tooth pain during decent that involves the upper posterior teeth may be caused by barosinusitis. |
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Term
The transport team knows that temperature is inversely proportional to:
A) humidity
B) oxygen
C) pressure
D) altitude |
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Definition
| B) temperature is inversely proportional to altitude, an increase in altitude produces a decrease in temperature and therefore a decreased in the amount of humidity. |
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Term
the human body's sensitivity to external vibration is highest between:
A) 0.5-10 Hz
B) 0.5-20 Hz
C) 10-20 Hz
D) 5-11 Hz |
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Definition
| B) research has established eight human sensitivity to external vibration is highest between 0.5 to 20 Hz because the human system absorbs most of the vibratory energy applied within this range |
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Term
The transport crew celebrates a Birkla the night before their shift. If the crew has a hangover, what type of hypoxia are they at risk for?
A) hypoxic hypoxia
B) hypemic hypoxia
C) stagnant hypoxia
D) histotoxic hypoxia |
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Definition
| D) use of alcohol can caused histotoxic hypoxia, affect efficiency of cells to use oxygen, and interfere with metabolic activity |
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Term
Exposure to positive acceleration can caused blackouts will unaffecting mental activity at:
A) 2.5 Gz
B) 3.5 Gz
C) 4.5 Gz
D) 7.5 Gz |
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Definition
| C) exposure to positive acceleration usually causes deterioration of vision before causing any disturbance of consciousness. Exposure to + 4.5 Gz typically produces complete loss of vision, or "blackout", while hearing and mental activity remained unaffected |
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Term
Manifestations of limb pain, respiratory disturbances, syncope, and skin irritation are signs of:
A) hypoxia
B) fatigue
C) decompression sickness
D) dehydration |
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Definition
| C) these are classic symptoms of decompression sickness |
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Term
The law that explains the rise and fall of temperature in relations to gas expansion is:
A) Dalton's Law
B) Boyle's Law
C) Charles' Law
D) Henry's Law |
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Definition
| C) Charles' Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas, given that the gas and the pressure of the gas are constant a |
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Term
As the pressure of a gas is decreased above a liquid, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid decreases, leading to bubble formation within the liquid. This represents which gas law?
A) Henry's Law
B) Boyle's Law
C) Charles' Law
D) Dalton's Law |
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Definition
| A) Henry's Law states that the quantity of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of a gas above the liquid, provided that the gas does not react chemically with liquid |
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Term
Which of the following is not a physiological effect of vibration?
A) decreased ability to concentrate
B) decreased motor function
C) increased metabolic rate
D) increase sweating |
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Definition
| D) vibration can cause circulatory construction and override the body's cooling mechanism thereby decreasing the ability to sweat. For this reason, the body temperatures need to be monitored closely |
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Term
During air transport by helicopter one of the crew members begins to get a false sense of climbing. You recognize this as which stress of flight?
A) fatigue
B) spatial disorientation
C) hypoxia
D) G-forces |
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Definition
| B) occulogravic illusion is a type of spatial disorientation where the individual feels the false sense of climbing |
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Term
At 30,000 feet what is the average time of useful consciousness (TUC)?
A) 30 minutes
B) 3-5 minutes
C) 1-2 minutes
D) 15-30 seconds |
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Definition
| C) the time of useful consciousness (TUC), or effective performance time, is the period of time between the interruption of oxygen supply or exposure to an oxygen-poor environment and time when the pilot or crew member is unable to perform flying duties effectively. At 30,000 feet TUC is 1-2 minutes. |
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