Term
| How many cervical vertebrae do mammals have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Deformation of articular processes of C1-C4 |
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Term
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Definition
- Building block
- Destined to become muscle (myotome), vertebral body (sclerotome), or skin (dermatome)
- Each myotome has its own nerve
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Term
| Describe the cutaneous colli muscle. |
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Definition
- Cutaneous muscle
- Colli means neck
- Inserts laterally on skin
- Very prominent in horses (esp. stallions)
- Overlies jugular vein
- Gets thinner close to C2 & C3
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Term
| Describe the brachiocephalicus muscle. |
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Definition
- Long muscle of the neck
- When only one contracts, it causes 'half a no'
- Omotransversarius is fused to it in the horse
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Term
| Describe the sternocephalicus muscle. |
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Definition
- Medial to the brachiocephalicus muscle
- Attaches from sternum to head (angle of mandible)
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Term
| Describe the omohyoideus muscle. |
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Definition
- Runs from shoulder to hyoid bone
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Term
| Descibe the position of the esophagus in a horse. |
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Definition
- Starts out on top of the trachea, goes to the left side as it goes more caudally
- Use this to tell if you are looking at the cranial (it'll be on the right) or caudal (it'll be on the left) side of a cross-section
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Term
| What are the muscular boundaries of the jugular furrow (groove)? |
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Definition
- Brachiocephalicus m.
- Sternocephalicus m.
- Omohyoideus m.
- Serves as the medial wall in the middle part of the neck (elsewhere its connective tissue)
- Cutaneus colli m.
- Outter layer (could also be skin)
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Term
| What are the contents of the jugular furrow (groove)? |
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Definition
- External jugular vein
- Lymphatics
- Nervi & vasa vasorum
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Term
| What is a neurovascular bundle? |
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Definition
- Artery, vein, nerve, & lymphatics together
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Term
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Definition
- Segment of skin that has originated in the cervical block
- Has its own innervation
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Term
| How many cervical spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
| 8 pairs x 2 = 16 cervical spinal nerves |
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Term
| What creates a spinal nerve, and where does it lie? |
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Definition
- Junction of the dorsal & ventral roots
- Very short & lies in vertebral foramen
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Term
| What does the spinal nerve divide into? |
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Definition
- Dorsal & ventral branches
- Has both sensory & motor fibers
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Term
| Does a cervical spinal nerve have autonomic (sympathetic) fibers? |
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Definition
- No, autonomic fiber system is in the thoracolumbar region.
- Dorsal and ventral branches off the nerve does
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Term
| What is the vertebral formula of a cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vertebral formula of sheep and goats? |
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Definition
- C7
- T13
- L6-7
- S (4 sheep) (5 goats)
- CD16-18
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Term
| What is the verterbal formula of a horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vertebral formula of a pig? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the vertebral arch? |
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Definition
- Lamina (right & left)
- Pedicle (right & left)
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Term
| What do two adjacent vertebral notches form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two structures of the nuchal ligament? |
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Definition
- Funiculus nuchae
- Lamina nuchae
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Term
| What are the attachments of the funiculus nuchae? |
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Definition
- Cranial: nuchal crest
- Caudal: dorsal thoracic spine of T2-3
- Continues caudally as supraspinous ligament @ T2-3
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Term
| What are the associated bursae of the funiculus nuchae? |
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Definition
- Cranial nuchal bursa (atlantal)
- Caudal nuchal bursa (axis)
- Supraspinous bursa
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Term
| Where is the supraspinous bursa located? |
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Definition
- Between spine of T2-3 and the funicular nuchae
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Term
| What are the attachments of the lamina nuchae? |
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Definition
- Dorsal: deviates ventrally from the ventral surface of the funicular nuchae
- Ventral: dorsal spines of cervical vertebrae
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Term
| What is the dorsal scapular ligament, what does it do, and where does it attach? |
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Definition
- Modification of the deep fascia (thoracolumbar)
- Attaches limb to trunk
- Attachments:
- Dorsum of spines of thoracic vertebrae & funicular nuchae & supraspinous ligament
- Serrated face of scapula
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Term
| Where does the esophagus lie? |
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Definition
- Dorsum of trachea
- Deviates to left in mid-cervical region
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Term
| Where does the trachea lie? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurovascular bundles are associated with the trachea? |
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Definition
- Common carotid aa. & External jugular vv.
- Tracheal lymphatic ducts
- Vagosympathetic trunk & recurrent laryngeal nn.
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Term
| How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the cervical spinal nerves originate and exit? |
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Definition
- Originate: vertebral canal
- Exit:
- Lateral vertebral foramen C1&2
- Intervertebral foramen C2-8 (cranial to the same # vertebrae)
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Term
| What do dorsal branches of cervical spinal nerves supply? |
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Definition
- Epaxial muscles: dispatched as they pass the muscle
- Cutaneous branches emerge near dorsal midline to supply dorsal skin
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Term
| What do ventral branches of the cervical spinal nerves supply? |
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Definition
- Hypaxial muscles: dispatched as they pass the muscle
- Cutaneous branches emerge through the ventral neck muscles to supply ventral skin
- C6-8 contribute to the formation of brachial plexus
- C5-7 contribute to the formation of phrenic nerve
- C2 continues as the great auricular nerve
- C1-5 rootlets contribute to the formation of accessory nerve (CN XI) within the vertebral canal
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Term
| What are the sympathetic supplies to cervical spinal nerves and their branches? |
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Definition
-
- From ventral roots & spinal nerves of T1-2
- Traverse through the transverse foramen, after synapsing in & leaving the cervicothoracic ganglia, with the vertebral artery & vein
- Give communicating rami (branches) to C2-7
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Term
| What is the parasympathetic supply for the cervical spinal nerves and their branches? |
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Definition
- Vagus nerve (portion of the vagosympathetic trunk)
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Term
| What provides the cervical blood supply? |
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Definition
- Deep cervical artery
- Dorsal scapular artery
- Common carotid artery
- Superficial cervical artery
- Vertebral artery
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Term
| What are the lymphatic structures and centers of the cervical region? |
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Definition
- Superficial cervical (prescapular) lymph nodes
- Deep cervical lymph center
- Deep cervical lymph nodes
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Term
| Where are the superficial cervical (prescapular) lymph nodes located, and what do they drain? |
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Definition
- Cranial to scapulohumeral joint
- Medial to omotransversairus (brachiocephalicus) muscle
- Drainage area (afferents): thoracic limb, caudal neck, & lateral thorax
- Efferents drain to: thoracic &/or tracheal ducts
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Term
| Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes, and what do they drain? |
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Definition
- Lie along trachea of ruminants & equids
- Horses have cranial, middle, & caudal deep cervical lymph nodes
- Drainage area (afferents): head & cranial neck
- Drains to tracheal duct or middle deep cervical lymph nodes
- Then drains to right lymphatic duct or venous angle side
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Term
| What embryonic strucures afford the clinician the opportunity to preduct the origin of the innervation for a body region? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify and describe the anatomic peculiarities of the following vertebrae: C1, C2, C7, T2, & S1-5 |
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Definition
- C1: atlas- large lateral wings
- C2: axis- elongated spinous process and dens that articulate with C1
- C7: no transverse foramina
- T2: supraspinous bursa b/w T2 & T3, funicular portion of nuchal ligament continues caudally as supraspinous ligament after T2
- S1-S5- fused as one bone
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Term
| Describe the course of the cervical parasympathetic innervation. |
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Definition
- The vagus nerve is the parasympathetic supply to the cervical area.
- It travels down through the cervical region combined with the sympathetic trunk.
- The recurrent laryngeal nerve leaves the vagus in the thorax & loops back up to the larynx to innervate those muscles.
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Term
| Are the deep cervical lymph nodes normally palpable in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bone is associated with the nuchal crest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bones are associated with the withers? |
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Definition
- Spinous processes of T2-T8
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Term
| What bones are associated with the point of the shoulder? |
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Definition
- Cranial portion of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Term
| What bones are associated with the point of the elbow? |
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Definition
- Olecranon process/ tuber olecrani
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Term
| What bones are associated with the thoracolumbar junction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What specific portion of the thoracic spinal nerve innervates C. trunci (from triceps to thigh) and C. omobrachialis (overtriceps)? |
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Definition
- C. omobrachialis is innervated by the lateral thoracic nerve from the brachial plexus
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Term
| Is the nerve innervating C. trunci and C. omobrachialis GSE or GSA? |
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Definition
- GSE, motor to twitch skin
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Term
| What branch of a specific nerve innervates C. trunci and C. omobrachialis? |
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Definition
- Lateral thoracic nerve arises from the brachial plexus and provides by direct branches and indirectly by communication with branches of the intercostobrachial nerve
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Term
| What is the basic anatomy of a spinal nerve? |
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Definition
- Dorsal and ventral roots join --> spinal nerve --> branches into dorsal & ventral branches --> each branch into medial & lateral branches
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Term
| In the caudal half of the neck, what lies between the jugular vein and the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the visceral compartment of the neck contain, and what are the relationship of the contents at C5? |
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Definition
- Trachea, esophagus, & cartotid sheath (which contains the blood supply for the trachea & esophagus)
- C5 is the point along the tracheal tract where the esophagus crosses over to the left side of the neck
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Term
| What is different about the equine superficial cervical lymph nodes and those of the dog? |
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Definition
- Dog: SCLN is located under teh omotransversarius m.
- Equine: SCLN located below the brachiocephalicus m., which is fused with the omotransversarius m. as one muscle
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Term
| Where is the supraspinous bursa located? |
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Definition
- Between spinous processes of T2-T3 & funicular nuchae
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Term
| How does the nuchal ligament of the horse differ from that of the dog and cat? |
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Definition
- Horse: more developed; 2 parts: the funicular & laminar
- Dog: only funicular portion
- Cat: not present
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Term
| What is the orientation of the large animal heart? |
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Definition
- Sits b/w intercostal spaces 2-6
- More than half the heart lies to the left of the median plane
- Dorsal border: tracheal bifurcation, atria, & greater vessels
- Ventral border: apex of heart, opposite the last segment of the sternum, & slightly cranial to the sterna attachment of the diaphragm
- Caudal border: left ventricle
- Cranial border: right ventricle
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