Term
| why are cervical vertebral foramen large and triangular? |
|
Definition
| to accommodate the enlargement of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what goes through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vertebral artery branch from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cervical vertebrae does vertebral artery not pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to vertebral artery after it goes through the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| at atlas (C1), enters the foramen magnum in the base of the skull and helps vascularize the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| which is the widest of all cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 main parts of the atlas (C1)? |
|
Definition
| anterior arch, posterior arch, 2 lateral masses |
|
|
Term
| describe atlas's superior facets |
|
Definition
| kidney shaped, articulate with occipital condyles of skull |
|
|
Term
| describe atlas's facet for articulation with dens of C2 |
|
Definition
| on posterior side of anterior arch |
|
|
Term
| which cervical vertebrae do not have intervertebral discs between them? |
|
Definition
| between C1 and C2 and between C1 and occipital bone |
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is atlanto-occipital joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what movemenet does the atlanto-occipital joint make? |
|
Definition
| flexion and extension in sagittal plane = yes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 articulations of atlanto-axial joints? |
|
Definition
| median atlantoaxial joint = between dens and anterior arch of C1; 2 lateral atlantoaxial joints = zygaopophysial joints |
|
|
Term
| what is the movement of the atlanto-axial joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of cricoid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| just below cricoid cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what is suspended from the hyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior neck between C4-C6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voice production, guards and maintains a patent (open) airway |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| thyroid, epiglottic, cricoid |
|
|
Term
| what gland is located just anterior to cricoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does thryoid gland produce? |
|
Definition
| iodine containing T3, T4 hormones which regulate metabolic rates; produces calcitonin which lowers blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
| what 2 arteries supply the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| superior thyroid artery, inferior thyroid artery |
|
|
Term
| describe superior thyroid artery |
|
Definition
| 1st branch of external carotid artery, then vascularizes thyroid galdn |
|
|
Term
| describe inferior thyroid artery |
|
Definition
| large branch of the thyrocervical trunk, which comes from subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the thyroid ima artery? |
|
Definition
| artery in only 10% of people that arises from the brachiocephalic trunk/aorta |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 pairs of veins that drain the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins |
|
|
Term
| what do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the inferior thyroid veins drain into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe parathyroid gland location and function |
|
Definition
| 4 glands (superior and inferior) on posterior side of thyroid gland; secrete parathormone to regulate phosphorous and calcium blood levels |
|
|
Term
| what vascularizes the parathyroid glands? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior thyroid arteries |
|
|
Term
| at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the hyoid bone? |
|
Definition
| body, greater horns (posterior), lesser horns (superior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serve as attachment for hyoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| what do the hyoid muscles do? |
|
Definition
| steady and move hyoid bone and larynx |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 groups of hyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| suprahyoid = above hyoid; infrahyoid = below hyoid |
|
|
Term
| what are the suprahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| digastric (anterior and posterior bellies), mylohyoid, stylohyoid |
|
|
Term
| trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervates which suprahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid |
|
|
Term
| facial nerve (CN VII) innervates which suprahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid |
|
|
Term
| what are the infrahyoid muscles sometimes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the 4 infrahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| motor portion of the cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis) |
|
|
Term
| what forms the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of C1-C4 spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 portions of the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus du? |
|
Definition
| provide cutaneous sensation to the cervical region |
|
|
Term
| what do the motor branchces of the cervical plexus do? |
|
Definition
| form the ansa cervicalis that innervates the infrahyoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| which cervical ventral rami in the cervical plexus provide sensory branches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus come out cutaneously? |
|
Definition
| at posterior border of SCM |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 sensory branches from the cervical plexus called? |
|
Definition
| transverse cervical, greater auricular, lesser occipital, supraclavicular |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the point where the sensory branches of the cervical plexus come out from behind sternocleidomastoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides cutaneous innervation to neck and shoulder? |
|
Definition
| sensory nerves from cervical plexus |
|
|
Term
| SCM divides neck into what? |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior triangles |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of SCM? |
|
Definition
| flexes neck acting bilaterally, runs face to opposite side acting unilaterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinal accessory nerve, CN XI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is muscular torticollis? |
|
Definition
| benign fibrous tissue tumor forms within the SCM or muscle is turn during childbirth resulting in scar tissue/muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
| what is spasmodic torticollis? |
|
Definition
| neurological disorder of abnormal tonicity of SCM and/or trapezius muscles. Usually occurs ages 20-60 |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| inferior border of mandible, midline of neck, anterior border SCM |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| posterior border SCM, clavicle, anterior border trapezius |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 trianles of the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| submandibular, submental, muscular, carotid |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the submandibular triangle? |
|
Definition
| inferior border of mandible, anterior border of digastric, posterior belly of digastric |
|
|
Term
| what is in the submandibular triangle? |
|
Definition
| submandibular salivary gland, facial artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the muscular triangle? |
|
Definition
| midline of the neck, superior belly of omohyoid muscle, anterior border of SCM |
|
|
Term
| what is inside the muscular triangle? |
|
Definition
| infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the carotid triangle? |
|
Definition
| superior belly of omohyoid muscle, anterior border of SCM, posterior border of digastric muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is inside the carotid triangle? |
|
Definition
| carotid sheath which surrounds: common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve CN X, hypoglossal nerve CN XII |
|
|
Term
| at what cervical level do the common cartoid arteries bifurcate into internal and external carotid arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what branches does the external carotid artery give rise to? |
|
Definition
| superior thyroid, lingual, facial arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is located at the carotid bifurcation? |
|
Definition
| carotid body, carotid sinus |
|
|
Term
| what is the carotid body and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| mass of tissue at carotid bifurcation that is an important chemoreceptor that monitors blood oxygen levels |
|
|
Term
| what is the carotid sinus and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| slight dilation near carotid bifurcation that is a baroreceptor that reacts to changes in arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the carotid sinus and carotid body? |
|
Definition
| glossopharyngial nerve (CN IX) |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervate the carotid body and carotid sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the carotid sheath and what does it protect |
|
Definition
| tubular fascial sheath that houses and protects common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve CN X |
|
|
Term
| in what triangle is the carotid sheath? |
|
Definition
| carotid triangle of the anterior triangle |
|
|
Term
| what are the deep layers of cervical fascia |
|
Definition
| investing, prevertebral, pretracheal |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the deep cervical fascia layers |
|
Definition
| compartmentalize structures in the neck, limit spread of infections/tumors |
|
|
Term
| where is the platysma muscle? |
|
Definition
| very superficial, within the superficial cervical fascia, overlies anterior triangles and part of posterior triangles |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the platysma? |
|
Definition
| pulls angles of lips inferiorly and tenses skin of neck = snarling |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the platysma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the posterior cervical triangle? |
|
Definition
| anterior border trapezius, posterior border SCM, clavicle |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are in the floor of the posterior cervical triangle? |
|
Definition
| splenius capitis, levator scapulae, scalenes, inferior belly of omohyoid |
|
|
Term
| what cranial nerve is in the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| spinal accessory nerve, CN XI on its way to trapezius |
|
|
Term
| sensory branches of what plexus are in posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe path of external jugular vein |
|
Definition
| arises near angle of mandible, courses inferiorly across the sternocleidomastoid and enters subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
| what muscle is superior to the external jugular vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is external jugular vein vulnerable to injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the external jugular vein do? |
|
Definition
| drain blood from face and scalp |
|
|
Term
| what can a very prominent external jugular vein in the neck indicate? |
|
Definition
| increased systemic venous pressure from heart failure, superior vena cava obstruction, increased inthrathoracic pressure |
|
|
Term
| what does cervical fascia do? |
|
Definition
| compartmentalize structures in the neck, limit spread of infections/tumors |
|
|
Term
| what is inside the carotid sheath? |
|
Definition
| carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X) |
|
|
Term
| what are the nerve roots of the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 portions of the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ansa cervicalis? |
|
Definition
| motor portion of the cervical plexus |
|
|
Term
| what does the ansa cervicalis innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus du? |
|
Definition
| innervate the skin of the neck/shoulder |
|
|
Term
| what does the spinal accessory nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fibers in the spinal accessory nerve innervate the SCM and trapezius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the external jugular vein used as an external barometer? |
|
Definition
| can indicate a patient's systemic venous pressure |
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