Term
| Clinical Signs of Cerebral Disease |
|
Definition
behavior changes, mentally inappropriate
head turn and circling ipsilateral to the lesion
menace deficits contralateral to lesion
abnormal nasal sensation
proprioceptive deficits contralateral
normal spinal reflexes and tone
possible pain over calvarium |
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Term
|
Definition
due to inherited enzymatic defects
leads to intracellulr deposits in post miotic cells
by-products accumulate in neural and visceral tissues
often young animals a few months old
multifocal with variable symptoms |
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Term
| Storage Diseases Dx and Tx |
|
Definition
peripheral blood, bone marrow, or CSF may reveal vacuolated leukocytes
genetics testing
histopath is definitive diagnosis
no treatment
poor prognosis |
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Term
| Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome |
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Definition
age related syndrome similar to Alzheimer's
pathology unknown
accumulation of beta-amyloid
cerebrovascular changes, meningeal thickening, gliosis, ventricular dilation
nonspecific signs
prone to strokes |
|
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Term
| Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome Dx and Tx |
|
Definition
based primarily on clinicl signs
MRI shows brain atrophy secondary to ventricular enlargement
no cure
L-deprenyl (Selegiline) to improve function, environmental enrichment, vitamins, anti-inflammatories
poor long term prognosis |
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Term
|
Definition
excessive CSF in brain
caused by obstruction of CSF flow, decreased absorption, increased production, or inflammation |
|
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Term
| Congenital Hydrocephalus Signs |
|
Definition
persistent sutures and fontanelles
dome shaped head
smaller than littermtes
seizures, slow learners
ventrolateral strabismus with normal PLRs and physiologic nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Hydrocephalus Diagnosis |
|
Definition
clinical signs
MRI, CT, ultrasound through persistent fontanelle |
|
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Term
| Congenital Hydrocephalus Tx |
|
Definition
Prednisone to decrease inflammation
Omeprazone proton pump inhibitor to decrease side effects of steroids
furosemide to dieurese fluid from brain
surgery for medically nonresponsive cases to place a shunt from brain into the abdomen |
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Term
| Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts |
|
Definition
CSF accumulates due to split of arachnoid membrane during embryogenesis
in any age of animal
see cerebrum or vestibulocerebellar dysfunction
treat like hydrocephalus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
reduced or abscence of gyri on surface of brain
Lhasa Apso breed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
excessive small gyri on cerebral cortex
Standard poodles |
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Term
| Lissencephaly and Polymicrogryia (Neuronal Migration Disorders) |
|
Definition
siezures and behavior problems
imaging or postmortem dignosis
seizure medication and supportive care
poor prognosis |
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Term
|
Definition
build up of ammonia which is a neurotoxin
caused by portosystemic shunt, hepatic failure, hepatic microvascular dysplasia |
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Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy Signs |
|
Definition
1-2 years old
obtunded
abnormal behavior
head pressing
visual deficits
rarely seizures
initially affects cerebrum then goes on to affect cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis |
|
Definition
bile acids
elevated liver enzymes
hypoglycemia
hypocholestrerolemia
hypoabluminemia
decreased BUN
microcytic anemia
portogram, ultrasound, MRI or CT |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment |
|
Definition
lactuolose
antibiotics
low protein diet
levitracitan is not metabolized by liver to control seizures
post surgical ligation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased blood glucose alters neuronal function
caused by insulinoma, liver disease, hypoadrenocorticism, storage disease, iatrogenic insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seizures and frequently blindness
blindness may be residual if severe damage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
hyperomsolality
can lead to shrinkage of the brain then stretching of intracranial blood vessels and hemorrhage
chronic sodium abnormalities must be corrected slowly to avoid cerebral edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypo-osmolality
can lead to swelling of brain and edema
after 2-3 days brain will accomodate
rapid correction could cause fatal thalamic lesions
Idiogenic osmoles - after a few days of the blood having less sodium, the brain tries to adjust by pumping out idiogenic osmoles
If you correct too quickly, then have rebound hypernatremia |
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Term
|
Definition
median age of dog = 9 years
Golden retriever and boxers
median age of ct = 11 years
most brain tumors in cats and dogs are located in cerebrum
dogs - seizures
cats- mentation change |
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Term
|
Definition
most common brain tumor in cats and dogs
arise from arachnoid layer of meninges
come from brain periphery and expand inward
histologically benign but always malignant because of compression on the brain
dog tumors are often interdigitzed with brain parenchyma
cat tumors are often well encapsulated |
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Term
|
Definition
second most common tumor in dogs
Brachycephalic breeds
arise from supporting cells of brain parenchyma (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
infiltrate
histologically more aggressive |
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Term
|
Definition
arise from choroid plexus
cause acquired hydrocephalus due to overproduction of CSF
histologically variable |
|
|
Term
| Primary Brain Tumor Treatment |
|
Definition
surgery to debulk
can't get wide margins
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Steroids and anticonvulsants |
|
|
Term
| Primary Brain Tumor Prognosis |
|
Definition
feline meningioma - good to excellent
canine meningioma - not as good
glioma - poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dogs - hemangiosarcom
Cats - lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cataplexy - atonia
Narcolepsy - actually falling asleep
disturbance in sleep regulation mechanism
patient falls asleep when excited
genetic mutation in gene or possibly acquired immune receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invade via nose
young to middle aged dogs
slow progression
neurologic signs preceded by nonspecific illness, other infections in eyes or nose, pulmonary infection
focal or multifocal encephlopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paramyxovirus
history or evidence of concurrent GI or respiratory disease
hyperkeratosis (hard pad) |
|
|
Term
| Canine Distemper Virus in Young Patients |
|
Definition
non-inflammatory
polioencephalopathy
seizures and cerebral symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Canine Distemper Virus in Mature Patients |
|
Definition
inflammatory white matter
leukoencephalomyelopathy
brainstem, cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Canine Distemper Virus in Old Patients |
|
Definition
cerebral dysfunction from chronic latent infection causing necrosis of grey matter
rare |
|
|
Term
| Canine Distemper Virus Dx and Tx |
|
Definition
MRI, CSF
PCR
supportive care |
|
|
Term
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis |
|
Definition
mutated coronovirus
Dry form gives neurologic symptoms
induced pyogranulomatous and immune complex-mediated vasculitis
leads to secondary hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis Signs |
|
Definition
cats <3 years indoor multiple cat household
fever, weight loss, ADR
mutlifocal encephalopathy with cerebral, cerebellar, and/or brainstem involvement |
|
|
Term
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis Dx and Tx |
|
Definition
no ante-mortem diagnosis
corona virus antigen not helpful
MRI may show ventricular dilation
CSF variable results
supportive care |
|
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Term
|
Definition
first stage larvae gain access via mucous membrane lined areas or penetrate skin
outdoor cats
unilateral cerebral dysfunction
causes feline iscehmic encephalopathy
As parasite goes through the brain, it releases enzymes that are toxic and irritating to brain
Causes spasm of medial cerebral artery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
MRI, CSF
supportive care, steroid, ivermectin, antihistamines, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ivermectin
lead
metaldehyde |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ivermectin is GABA agonist
binds to post synaptic GABA receptor
inhibits activity in CNS
toxic in animals with P-glycoprotein dysfunciton and MDR1 gene
Collie and other herding breeds |
|
|
Term
| Ivermectin Toxicity Signs |
|
Definition
| depression, disorientation, blindness, mydriasis, seizures, coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do not use anticonvulsant medications that work at GABA receptor
ventilation needed in some cases
supportive care |
|
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Term
|
Definition
depression, behavior change
stupor or coma
treat with Ca-EDTA or penicillamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pesticide for snail control
seizures and status epilepticus
emesis, activated charcoal |
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