Term
| What vessels supply blood to the brain? |
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Definition
| Internal carotid system and vertebrobasilar system |
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Term
| Where do the internal carotid system and verebrobasilar system communicate? |
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Definition
| Circle of Willis on the base of the brain |
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Term
| The internal carotid artery is a branch of what? |
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Definition
| Common carotid in the midcervical region |
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Term
| Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull? |
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Definition
| Carotid canal via petrous part of the temporal bone |
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Term
| What branches are given off from the petrous part of the internal carotid artery within the carotid canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What supplies blood to the pituitary gland and part of the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of the internal carotid) |
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Term
| Where do the superior and inferior hypophyseal branches of the internal carotid artery appear? |
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Definition
| Cerebral (supraclinoid) part of the internal carotid and cavernous sinus respectively |
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Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid given off in its cerebral portion? |
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Definition
| Opthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, anterior choroidal artery, superior hypophyseal artery |
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Term
| Where does the opthalmic artery enter the orbit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What branch of the opthalmic artery is critical for visual function? |
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Definition
| Central artery of the retina |
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Term
| What can be caused by small particles (microemboli) carried by the carotid and through the opthalmic artery? |
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Definition
| Transient or permanent visual loss and the appearance of small ischemic areas that can be visualized on the retina |
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Term
| What does the posterior communicating artery connect? |
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Definition
| Joins with posterior cerebral artery, connects the carotid with the vertebrobasilar system (varies in size, may be absent) |
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Term
| The anterior choroidal artery follows what structure? |
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Definition
| Optic tract in a caudal and lateral direction around the crus cerebri |
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Term
| Branches of the anterior choidal artery enter what structure as it reaches the lateral geniculate body? |
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Definition
| Inferior horn of the lateral ventricle via the choroidal fissure, supplies the choroid plexus |
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Term
| What structures are supplied by the anterior choroidal artery? |
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Definition
| Optic tract, crus cerebri, amygdala, anterior hippocampus, tail of the caudate, medial globus pallidus, posterior limb of the internal capsule, lateral thalamus, retrolenticular limb of internal capsule |
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Term
| What are the terminal branches of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery? |
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Definition
| Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries |
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Term
| What joins the contralateral anterior cerebral arteries? |
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Definition
| Anterior communicating artery near the cistern of the lamina terminalis |
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Term
| What is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery beyond the anterior communicating artery? |
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Definition
| Medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes, lateral surface of the hemisphere |
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Term
| What are the primary branches of the anterior cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Orbitofrontal, frontopoloar, callosomarginal, pericallosal arteries |
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Term
| What specific lobules are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Paracentral lobule and ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| What tasks are performed by the paracentral lobule? |
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Definition
| Cortical centers for movement and m/ sensation of the lower limb |
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Term
| What tasks are performed by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
| Executive functions including decision making and planning |
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Term
| What is given off by the middle cerebral artery as it passes through the Sylvian cistern? |
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Definition
| Lenticulostriate arteries to the basal ganglia and internal capsule |
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Term
| What does the middle cerebral artery split into as it enters the area of the insula? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior trunks |
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Term
| What is supplied by the superior and inferior trunks given off by the middle cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Inner aspects of the opercula and the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
| What functional areas are supplied by the middle cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Primary sensorya nd motor areas for face and arm, speech areas including Broca's and Wernicke's on the left side, optic radiation, parietal association cortex, frontal eye field |
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Term
| Where does the basilar bifurcation of the vertebrobasilay system occur? |
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Definition
| Level of the interpeduncular cistern |
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Term
| What are the early branches of the posterior cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Quadrigeminal artery, thalamoperforating arteries, medial and lateral posterior choroidal arteries, thalamogeniculate artery, all collectively supply the midbrain, thalamus, and choroid plexus |
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Term
| What branch of the posterior cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What functional areas are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Visual cortex (medial surface of occipital lobe), temporal lobe, caudal perietal lobe, splenium of corpus callosum, part of thalamus |
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Term
| What are the clinical presentations for damage to the posterior cerebral artery? |
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Definition
| Homonymous hemianopia, pure alexia (inability to read), sensory deficits with deep territory involvement |
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Term
| Where do the vertebral arteries enter the brain? |
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Definition
| Lateral cerebellomedullary cistern after penetrating through the atlanto-occipital membrane |
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Term
| What is supplied by the veterbal arteries? |
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Definition
| Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, dura of the posteiror cranial fossa |
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Term
| What is the first branch of the vertebral artery? |
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Definition
| Posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Term
| What is supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery? |
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Definition
| Dorsolateral medulla as it wraps around the medulla, emerges in the cisterna magna where it supplies the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle and the inferior cerebellar surface |
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Term
| What gives off the posterior spinal artery |
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Definition
| Usually the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, occasionally the vetebral artery |
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Term
| What is supplied by the posterior spinal artery? |
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Definition
| Dorsolateral region of the medulla oblongata, dorsal part of spinal cord |
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Term
| What is supplied by the anterior spinal artery given off by the vertebral artery? |
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Definition
| Anterior and medial areas of the medulla and spinal cord |
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Term
| The vertebral arteries join to form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the basilar artery located? |
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Definition
| Ventral surface of the pons in the prepontine cistern |
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Term
| What is the first branch of the basilar artery? |
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Definition
| Anterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Term
| What is supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery? |
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Definition
| Ventral and lateral surfaces of the cerebellum, portion of the pons, small part of the choroid plexus that extends out of the fourth ventricle |
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Term
| What small branch is given off by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery that supplies portions of the inner ear? |
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Definition
| Labyrinthine artery near the fascial and vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Term
| What is supplied by the labyrinthine artery? |
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Definition
| Travels through the internal acoustic meatus to supply portions of the inner ear |
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Term
| What branches of the basilar artery supplies the pons? |
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Definition
| Paramedian, short and long circumferential branches |
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Term
| Where does the superior cerebellar artery arise? |
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Definition
| From basilar artery below its distal bifurcation |
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Term
| What is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery? |
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Definition
| Superior portion of the cerebellum, most of the deep cerebellar nuclei, lateral tegmentum of the rostral pons, caudal portions of the midbrain |
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Term
| What branch divisions are given off by the circle of Willis? |
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Definition
| Anteriomedial, anterolateral, posteriomedial, an dposteriolateral groups |
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Term
| The anterior groups of the circle of Willis supply what structures? |
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Definition
| Optic chiasm, anterior hypothalamus, anterior perforated substance |
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Term
| What do the medial and lateral striate arteries of the Circle of Willis arise from? |
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Definition
| Anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery respectively |
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Term
| What is supplied by the medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner) of the Circle of Willis? |
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Definition
| Rostral head of the caudate, anterior limb of internal capsule |
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Term
| What is supplied by the lateral striate (lenticulostriate) arteries? |
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Definition
| Head and body of the caudate, most of the lenticular nucleus, anterior limb, genu, and dorsal posterior limb of internal capsule |
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Term
| What is formed by the posterior groups of the Circle of Willis? |
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Definition
| Posterior perforated substance |
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Term
| What supplies the thalamus? |
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Definition
| Branches of the posterior cerebral artery - thalamoperfortating, thalamogeniculate, medial and lateral posterior choroidal arteries |
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Term
| Thalamoperforating arteries supply what part of the thalamus? |
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Definition
| Rostral areas of the dorsal thalamus |
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Term
| What is supplied by the thalamogeniculate artery? |
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Definition
| Posterior and lateral regions of the dorsal thalamus |
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Term
| Why is it that flow through cerebral and spinal veins can be altered by pathological processes? |
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Definition
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