Term
| what is the L brain more responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the R brain more responsible for? |
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Definition
| spacial perception+facial recognition |
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Term
| what is in the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
| the motor cortex. the precentral gyrus (just after central sulcus) is the primary motor region. the central gyrus is then divided into superior, middle (visual input processing, eye movement), and inferior gyri (language production, broca's area - L brain). the *anterior paracentral lobule is a continuation of the precentral gyrus seen from the medial view of one cerebral hemisphere. |
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Term
| what is in the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
| the somatosensory cortex. the postcentral sulcus/gyrus? is responsible for major sensory function. the supramarginal and angular gyri are intimately involved w/language comprehension and visual-spatial comprehension (associate w/auditory function of temporal lobe). |
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Term
| what is in the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| the visual cortex. primary visual processing occurs in the the cuneus and lingual gyrus (separated by the calcarine sulcus). |
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Term
| what is in the temporal lobe? |
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Definition
| the auditory cortex. major auditory function is in the superior gyrus which houses wernicke's area (language comprehension). |
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Term
| what is in the limbic lobe? |
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Definition
| drives, emotions, memory. the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri make up this lobe. (amygdala is deep in the parahippocampal gyrus). |
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Term
| what is the major division between primary motor and primary sensory? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is inside the lateral sulcus? |
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Definition
| the insular cortex: gustatory (taste), pain, and auditory and the transverse temporal gyri (of heschl): primary auditory |
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Term
| what is the homunculus/somatotopic mapping? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are important brodmann's areas? |
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Definition
| 3,1,2: postcentral gyrus, primary sensory. 4: precentral gyrus, frontal cortex - primary motor area. 6: superior/middle frontal gyri - premotor/supplementary motor area. 17: calcarine sulcus - primary visual processing. 22: superior temporal gyrus - wernicke's area/language comprehension. 44,45: inferior frontal L gyrus - broca's area/language production. |
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Term
| how many layers in the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| 6 - where the bodies of pyramidal neurons project from |
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Term
| what characterizes the primary motor cortex? |
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Definition
| there is an agranular cortex dominated by large pyramidal cells |
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Term
| what characterizes the primary sensory cortex? |
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Definition
| a granular cortex dominated by non-pyramidal cells (stellate cells) |
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Term
| what characterizes the pyramidal cells? |
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Definition
| these primary output neurons are excitatory and use glutamate |
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Term
| what characterizes the non-pyramidal/stellate cells? |
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Definition
| these are the principal interneurons and when inhibitory use GABA and excitatory use glutamate. |
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Term
| what are the 3 basic cortical connections? |
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Definition
| 1) projection fibers: connect the cerebral cortex w/subcortical nuclei, brainstem and spinal cord (classic tract is pyramidal). 2) commissural fibers: connect the cortex between R+L cerebral hemispheres. 3) association fibers: connect regions of cerebral cortex w/in the same hemispheres. |
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Term
| what is the centrum semiovale? |
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Definition
| the mass of white nerve fibers directly below the gray matter of the cerebral cortex and above the corpus callosum. |
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Term
| what is the corona radiata? |
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Definition
| the mass of white nerve fibers above the internal capsule |
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Term
| what is the internal capsule? |
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Definition
| the mass of white fibers in the region of the thalamus which is in a distinctive laminar pattern w/an anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb. these fibers go on to project to the brainstem but when they hit the medullary region - they form pyramids and decussation occurs (crossing of fibers to target structure on opposite side: explains why injury to one side of the brain (as with a stroke) usually results in paralysis on the opposite side of the body). |
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Term
| what are the 2 main commissural fiber tracts? |
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Definition
| the corpus callosum and anterior commissure |
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Term
| what is the corpus callosum composed of? |
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Definition
| ant -> post: genu, body and splenium. the genu connects the prefrontal cortex, the body/trunk connects the motor, sensory, and parietal cortices, and the splenium connects the temporal and occipital lobes. |
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Term
| what does the anterior commissure connect? |
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Definition
| the olfactory structures and temporal cortex |
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Term
| what are the association fibers? |
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Definition
| the superior longitudinal fasiculus (anterior - posterior cortex), arcuate fasiculus (wernicke's area - broca's area), inferior (occipitofrontal) longitudinal fasiculus (occipital - temporal lobes), uncinate fasiculus (orbital cortex - temporal lobes), and the cingulum (connects limbic cortical areas). |
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Term
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Definition
| a disturbance in the dominant hemisphere that produces a defect in the expression or comprehension of any form of language. generally this occurs in the L brain due to a focal brain lesion such as a stroke. |
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Term
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Definition
| comprehension of language is normal but the pt is unable to convert thought into meaningful language: inability to organized words into sentences, nonfluent speech, and articulation is impaired. damage to: broca's area, 44/45, inferior frontal gyrus. |
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Term
| what is wernicke's aphasia? |
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Definition
| comprehension of language is impaired - fluent speech is unintelligible to pts. this is due to damage to wernicke's area, 22, superior temporal gyrus. |
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Term
| what is contralateral neglect syndrome? |
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Definition
| a parietal lobe dysfunction where pts ignore everything on the side opposite parietal lobe damage (ex: pt's R parietal cortex is damaged = they draw only the R side of a picture). |
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