Term
| What are the two components of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brainstem |
|
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Term
| Name the 3 poles of the brain? |
|
Definition
1. Frontal pole
2. Temporal pole
3. Occipital pole |
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|
Term
| What are the two components of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon |
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Term
| (T/F) The telencephalon is the largest, most recently evolved portion of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 fissures of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
1. Sagittal fissure/sulcus
2. Horizontal Fissure
3. Lateral fissure |
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Term
| What structures does the sagittal divide? |
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Definition
| The left and right hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
| What structures does the horizontal divide? |
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Definition
| Separates the telencephalon from the cerebellum |
|
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Term
| What structures does the lateral divide? |
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Definition
| Separates the temporal lobe from the more superior portions of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 lobes of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
3. Parietal
4. Occipital |
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Term
| What is the outer covering of the telencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) It has low surface area and is barely folded |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives the cortex its high surface area, and why is this important? |
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Definition
| Gyri (ridges) and sulci (valleys) create folds; important because more area of cortex = more brain power |
|
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Term
| Name the 7 sulci of the telencephalon |
|
Definition
1. Central sulcus
2. Pre-central
3. Post-central
4. Parieto-occipital
5. Calcarine
6. Cingulate
7. Callosal |
|
|
Term
| What lobe is the central sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
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Definition
| Separates frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
| What lobe is the precentral sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
|
Definition
| Within the frontal lobe (more anterior) |
|
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Term
| What lobe is the postcentral sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
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Definition
| Within the parietal lobe (more posterior) |
|
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Term
| What lobe is the pareito-occipital sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
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Definition
| Separates parietal and occipital |
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Term
| What lobe is the calcarine sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lobe is the cingulate sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
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Definition
| Above the cingulate gyrus |
|
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Term
| What lobe is the callosal sulcus associated with/which lobes does it divide? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 main gyri of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
1. Precentral
2. Post central
3. Cingulate |
|
|
Term
| What does the precentral gyrus contain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the postcentral gyrus contain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the insula (insular cortex) and where is it found? |
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Definition
| Portion of the cortex found within the lateral fissure |
|
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Term
| What is the insula believed to be involved in? |
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Definition
| Consciousness and emotion/regulation of body homeostasis |
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Term
| (T/F) The Diencephalon is located central to the telencephalon at the base of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 components of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Subthalamus
4. Epithalamus |
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Term
| What is the function of the thalamus? Where is it located? |
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Definition
| It is the main sensory nucleus; on either side of the third ventricle |
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Term
| (T/F) It involves sensory input from every sense |
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Definition
| False, it does not handle smell |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| Hormone creation for certain hormones |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland |
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|
Term
| Where is the subthalamus located? |
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Definition
| Small nucleus located below the thal |
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|
Term
| Where is the epithalamus located? |
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Definition
| Small nucleus behind the thal |
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Term
| What is found in the grey matter of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
| All of the cell bodies of the neurons |
|
|
Term
| Where is the grey matter in the cerebrum found? |
|
Definition
1. Cortex
2. Basal ganglia |
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Term
| (T/F) The ganglia deep in the cerebrum are mostly involved in motor control |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 nuclei that make up the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
1. Lentiform
2. Caudate
3. Amygdala |
|
|
Term
| What two things make up the lentiform nucleus, and which is located more medially? |
|
Definition
| Putamen and the Globus Pallidusl the GP is more medial |
|
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Term
| What is the amygdala involved in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (T/F) The basal ganglia are located inferiorly to the internal capsule and the thalamus |
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Definition
| False, they are on the same horizontal level |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of fibers that make up the cerebral white matter? What is the most important white matter in the brain? |
|
Definition
1. Association fibres
2. Commusural fibres
3. Projection fibres
- corpus callosum = most important |
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|
Term
| What is the function of association fibers? |
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Definition
| They allow communication within one hemisphere |
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Term
| (T/F) All association fibers are the same length |
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Definition
| False, they can be long, intermediate or short |
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|
Term
| What do the shortest association fibers connect? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of commisural fibers? |
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Definition
| Communication between the hemispheres |
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|
Term
| Name the 3 sets of commisural fibers in the brain? Which is the largest, and which is the smallest? |
|
Definition
1. Corpus Callosum (largest)
2. Anterior commisure
3. Posterior commisure (smallest) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the corpus callosum located? |
|
Definition
| Below the saggital fissure, runs from the frontal lobe to the occipital lobe |
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Term
| What is the function of the CC? |
|
Definition
| Communication between hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 parts, and which is located where? |
|
Definition
1. Genu (anterior)
2. Body
3. Splenium |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of projection fibers? |
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Definition
| Communicate between different levels of the CNS |
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Term
| (T/F) They are confined to the cerebrum |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (T/F) The pyramidal tract is an example of this |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of the pyramidal tract? |
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Definition
| Starts at motor cortex, through CC, through cerebral peduncles, through pons and medulla down to spinal cord |
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|
Term
| Name the 3 components of the brainstem |
|
Definition
1. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
2. Pons
3. Medulla (oblongata) |
|
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Term
| What is found on the anterior of the midbrain? Which is the fiber bundle |
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Definition
1. Cerebral peduncles (fiber bundle)
2. Mamillary bodies |
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Term
| What is found on the posterior of the midbrain? Are these fiber bundles? |
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Definition
| The superior and inferior colliculi (little bumps); yes |
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Term
| What is the apparent function of the pons? |
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Definition
| Appears to bridge the cerebellar hemispheres? |
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Term
| What exists posteriorly to the pons? |
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Definition
| 4th ventricle and the cerebellum |
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|
Term
| What is the structure below the pons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two structures are on the anterior of the medulla? Are they paired |
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Definition
1. Pyramids
2. Olives
- Yes; two pyramids and two olives |
|
|
Term
| Which set of structures is more medial? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The cerebellum is strictly restricted to the brainstem |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebellum responsible for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What serves as the main connection between the cerebellum and the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| The middle cerebellar peduncles |
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Term
| What is the structure that is located below he medulla? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Starts at the foramen magnum, ends at the level of L1/L2 |
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|
Term
| How many sets of spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conus medullaris? What level is it at? |
|
Definition
| The pointy end of the spinal cord; at L1/L2 |
|
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Term
| How do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| Through intervertebral foramen between each vert. |
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|
Term
| What attaches the conus medullaries to the sacrum? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What other structure is located below L2? Why does it exist? |
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Definition
| The cauda equina; the cord is shorter than the column, so spinal nerves need to travel downward to exit at the proper location |
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|
Term
| Name the 2 enlargements of the cord? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the cervical enlargement? The lumbar? |
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Definition
Cerv: nerves leaving to join the brachial plexus and innervate the arms
Lumb: nerves leaving to the lower limbs exit here |
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|
Term
| Where is grey matter located in the SC? |
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Definition
| Interiorly, in an H shaped pattern |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the anterior horns of the grey matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the posterior horns of the grey matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the anterior horn? The posterior horn? |
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Definition
| Anterior root and posterior root, respectively |
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|
Term
| (T/F) All levels of the spinal cord have an intermediate horn |
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Definition
| False, only levels between T1 and L2 |
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|
Term
| What is the function of this intermediate horn? |
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Definition
| Serves the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior groove of the SC called? The posterior groove? Which is deeper/larger? |
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Definition
| Anterior sulcus (deeper/larger); posterior groove |
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|
Term
| How is the white matter arranged around the grey matter in the SC? |
|
Definition
| Into 3 columns (funiculi) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Anterior
2. Lateral
3. Posterior |
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|
Term
| (T/F) The CNS is essentially hollow |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fluid filled chambers of the CNS called? What is in them? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (T/F) The ventricles of the brain are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 ventricles, and how many of each are there? |
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Definition
1. Lateral (ventricles 1 and 2, 1 for each hemisphere)
2. 3rd
3. 4th |
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|
Term
| Name the 4 parts of the lateral ventricles, and which lobe each is assoicated with? |
|
Definition
1. Anterior horn (frontal)
2. Posterior horn (occipital)
3. Inferior horn (temporal)
4. Body (parietal) |
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Term
| What is the atrium of the lateral ventricle? |
|
Definition
| The portion of the lateral ventricle body that connects the posterior and inferior horns |
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|
Term
| What do the lateral ventricles contain? (2) |
|
Definition
| 1. Choroid plexuses 2. CSF |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the foramina of monro? |
|
Definition
| Connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Describe the third ventricle |
|
Definition
| Thin and sagitally oriented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between the two halves of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the aqueduct of sylvius? |
|
Definition
| Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles; passes through midbrain |
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Term
| What is the shape of the 4th ventricle? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
| Diamond shaped; in between the pons/medulla (anterior) and the cerebellum (posterior) |
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Term
| (T/F) The 4th vent is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 foramina in the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
1. Foramen of Luschka (2)
2. Foramen of Magendie |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of these foramina? |
|
Definition
| CSF travels from here into the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The CT that covers the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost? |
|
Definition
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The dura is multilayered and the layer located closest to the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the falx cerebri? |
|
Definition
| The invagination of the dura mater into the sagittal fissure |
|
|
Term
| What is the tentorium cerebelli? |
|
Definition
| The invagination of the dura mater into the horizontal fissure |
|
|
Term
| What are the chanels within the dira called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far down the SC does the dura mater extend? |
|
Definition
| To the level of the sacrum |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Although the dura is the closest layer to the bone, it has no actual attachment to the bone |
|
Definition
| False, it is firmly attached to the skull |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidural space? |
|
Definition
| The fat filled space between the dura and the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) the arachnoid matter is much thicker than the dura |
|
Definition
| False, it is much thinner |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within this layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Unlike the dura, the arachnoid mater extends a short way into the sulci as well as invaginating the fissures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The arachnoid is always firmly attached to the pia |
|
Definition
| False, it is only attached loosely to the pia in the cranial vault |
|
|
Term
| What does this attachment create? What circulates here? |
|
Definition
| The subarachnoid space, where CSF circulates |
|
|
Term
| Where is the arachnoid attached to the dura? Is that the only attachment of the arachnoid in this instance? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the arachnoid and pia mater in the VC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The pia is firmly attached to the superficial cortex and outer surface of the spinal cord, so it is essentially the outer layer of the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure produces CSF? What is it produced from? |
|
Definition
| The choroid plexuses; filtered arterial blood |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) It has both metabolic and protective functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the CSF circulate in the CNS? How does it get here? |
|
Definition
- Subarachnoid space
- Travels through the ventricular system, then through the foramina of luschka and magendie in the 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What structure allows CSF passage into the sinuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms these structures? |
|
Definition
| Where the arachnoid mater penetrates through the dura layer that extends into the saggital fissure |
|
|
Term
| Where are the arachnoid villi located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The sinuses only contain CSF |
|
Definition
| False, they contain venous blood as well |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessel do the sinuses eventually enter into? |
|
Definition
| The internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large openings in the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Which is the largest cistern? What is its significance? |
|
Definition
- Lumbar cistern (L2 level)
- Most common place for physicians to sample CSF |
|
|
Term
| What are the two sources of blood for the brain? |
|
Definition
1. Carotid arteries
2. Vertebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| How does the carotid artery enter the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the vertebral arteries enter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the vertebral arteries once they enter the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery does this form? Where is this artery found? |
|
Definition
| The basilar artery; runs up the pons |
|
|
Term
| What vessels does the basilar artery turn into? |
|
Definition
| It bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| What vessels give rise to the two anterior cerebelar arteries and the middle cerebral arteries? Where does this vessel split into the anterior/middle vessels? |
|
Definition
| The internal carotids; level of sella turcica |
|
|
Term
| What vessel connects the two anterior arteries? |
|
Definition
| The anterior connecting artery |
|
|
Term
| What vessel(s) connect(s) the middle and posterior cerebellar arteries? |
|
Definition
| The posterior communicating (2x) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the circle of willis formed? |
|
Definition
| Around the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What do the anterior and posterior arteries supply? |
|
Definition
| The sagittal surface of the brain and the periphery of the outer cortex |
|
|
Term
| What does the middle artery supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By traveling through the lateral fissure |
|
|
Term
| What vessels supply the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| Superior and inferior cerebellar arteries |
|
|
Term
| What vessels supply the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe venous drainage of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Blood drains into the dural venous sinuses, and then into the internal jugular |
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