Term
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Definition
| Aimed to improve human species by controlling breeding |
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Term
| How did Goddards model for feeblemindedness work? |
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Definition
Prevent feeblemindedness from breeding
N=Normal Nn=Normal carrier nn= feebleminded
Artificial selection against n will mean a reduction in frequency of n and therefor less feeblemindedness |
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Term
| Describe the changes in eugenics seen nowadays and what war was it involded in? |
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Definition
| WWII eugenics became associated witht the nazis. Nowadays emphasis on individual rights, choice and less involment of the state in reproduction decisions. |
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Term
| What is an oppurtunistic pathogen? |
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Definition
| Microbes that can become harmful if the oppurtunity arises eg immune suppresioon(cancer/treatment therapy) |
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Term
| What are 3 portals of entry into the human body? |
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Definition
| The placenta, skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
| Describe the difference between gram positive and negavtive bacteria? |
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Definition
| Gram positive has 1 membrane and thick layer of peptidoglycan whereas gram negative has 2 membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan |
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Term
| Name 4 virulence factors adn give their function |
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Definition
Adhesions- bind to host cells
Siderophores- bind to iron
Motility- move through mucous
Capsules- resist phagocytosis |
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Term
| Give 3 differences between an endotoxin and exotoxin |
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Definition
Endotoxin- heat stable, poor antigen and cause inflammation
Exotoxin- Cytotoxic, Heat liable and potent toxins |
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Term
| What are 3 sources of infection? |
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Definition
Animal Reservoirs(zoonoses)
Human Contact
Non living reservoirs- soil water, food |
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Term
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Definition
| An inanimate object capable of carrying infectious diseases eg door handle |
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Term
| Describe the 2 types of vectors |
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Definition
Mechanical- passive carriage of a pathogen(no replication) eg cockroach
Biologicl- provides a host cell for replication of the pathogen eg Mosquito |
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Term
| What are the stages of an infectious disease |
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Definition
In Paris I Dance Crazy
Incubation- pathogen attaches and starts to replicate- no sign of infection
Prodromal- General illness, pathogen levels increase
Illness- Most infectious stage, immune respone not yet helpful
Decline- immune or medical response, pathogen numbers decrease
Convalesence- Revory of tissues |
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Term
| What are the stages of a bacterial growth in a closed system? |
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Definition
| Lag, log, stationary, death |
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Term
| Desrcibe subacute,Latent, Exogenous , Endogenous and latrogenic |
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Definition
Subacute- follows another disease
Latent- most of the time not a problemt, pops up every now and then
Exogenous- from outside source
Endogenous- antibiotic has killed of pathogen but also some of our own cells so have given room for another infectious disease
Latrogenic is doctor induced |
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Term
| What are the targets for antibiotics?(6 of them) |
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Definition
Protein synthesis
DNA or RNA synthesis
metabloic processes
pathogen attachment
cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
| What do the enzymes transpeptidase and Penicillinase do? |
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Definition
Transpeptidase forms the cross links in the bacteria.
Penicillinase- degrades the penicillin by breaking down the beta ring. |
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Term
| What strategies do bacteria use against penicillin? |
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Definition
produce and enzyme which degrades penicillin.
Modify the structure of the target(transpeptidase) so the penicillin cannot bind
Pump antibiotic out of cell
Prevent antibiotic from entering- modify porins in gram - cell |
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