Term
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Definition
| anaerobic catabolism of organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Glycolysis oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvates oxidized by NAD+, producing 2 ATP
Same in respiration and fermentation. |
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Term
| General Process pt. 2, if aerobic |
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Definition
Respiration:
Pyruvate is oxidized by substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation and more ATP is made as NADH passes electrons down the ETC |
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Term
| General Process pt. 2, if anaerobic |
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Definition
Fermentation:
Pyruvate is reduced, which regenerates NAD+ from NADH without producing ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyruvate loses CO2 and is converted to acetaldehyde. NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and ethanol is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and pyruvate is reduced to lactate. |
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Term
| Final Electron Receptor in Respiration and Fermentation |
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Definition
Fermentation: pyruvate or acetaldehyde
Respiration: oxygen |
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Term
| Obligate or Strict Aerobes |
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Definition
| organisms that require oxygen for growth and as the final electron acceptor in the ETC |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms capable of growth in aerobic or anaerobic environments |
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Term
| The first prokaryotes are believed to have produced ATP by |
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Definition
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Term
| Catabolism of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
Starch is hydrolyzed to glucose in the digestive tract
Glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose in the liver
Disaccharides are broken down to glucose in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids
Excess amino acids are converted to intermediates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, which deaminates amino acids. The resulting nitrogenous wastes are excreted. |
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Term
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Definition
Digested into glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
Most energy is found in fatty acids, which are converted to acetyl CoA by beta oxidation |
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Term
| Feedback Mechanisms to Control Cell Respiration |
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Definition
| The third step of glycolysis is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase, which is inhibited by citrate produced in the Krebs cycle and ATP and activated by ADP and AMP. |
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