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| A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
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| The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance in volved in a redox reaction. |
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| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
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| Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide. |
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| A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction. |
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| The electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
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The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemial gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.
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| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |
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| The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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| An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells. |
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| a metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments taht enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. |
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| Glycolysis follwed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide. |
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| A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron trasnport chains, using the inergy of hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes. |
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| An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it. |
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| The electron donor in a redox reaction. |
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| An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. |
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| Substrate-level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
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A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; that third major stage of cellular respiration. |
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| A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs with the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration. |
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| The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP. |
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| A catobolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. |
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| Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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| An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. |
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