Term
| The main function of cellular respiration is... |
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Definition
| making ATP that powers cell activities |
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Term
| The ultimate source of energy in our cells is... |
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Definition
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Term
| in cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration is produced by... |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to... |
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Definition
| pump hydrogen ions (H+) through a membrane |
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Term
| Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced from lactic acid or alchohol to CO2. This last step enables... |
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Definition
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Term
| A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by... |
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Definition
| a transfer of a phosphate group form a fragment of glucose to ADP |
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Term
| The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from... |
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Definition
| the flow of hydrogen ions going down the concentration gradient |
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Term
| Name four things about glycolysis... |
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Definition
1. It begins the oxidation of glucose
2. It produces a small amount of ATP
3. I generates NADH
4. It splits glucose to form two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| Most of the NADH and FADH2 that deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain comes from... |
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Definition
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Term
| When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is an energy producing pathway found in all living things |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemiosmosis occurs in the... |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Glycolysis occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| The citric acid cycle occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| alchohol fermentation occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| C-6 H-12 O-6 + 6O-2 + 6H-2O + ATP |
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Term
| A glucose molecule is completely broken down in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but these two processes yeild only a few ATPs. What holds the rest of the energy cell obtains from the glucose molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is NADH's function based in biosynthesis? |
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Definition
| reducing organic molecules |
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Term
| Sugars are not as good as fats as a source of energy for cellular respiration because sugars usually... |
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Definition
| contain fewer hydrogen atoms and electrons |
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Term
| Talk about the BIG PICTURE of glycolysis (AKA step 1) |
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Definition
-a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps
- two molecules of pyruvate are produced
-two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH
-a net of two ATP molecules are produced |
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Term
| ATP is made in glycolysis through a process called ______ ____________, during which an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, and ATP is then formed from that |
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Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Term
| Talk about the BIG PICTURE of the Citric acid cycle |
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Definition
During the citric acid cycle...
-the two carbon group of acetyl CoA is added to a four carbon compound, forming citrate
-citrate is degraded back to a four carbon compound
-two CO-2 are released
-1 ATP, 3NADH, and 1FADH-2 are produced |
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Term
| Talk about the BIG PICTURE of glycolysis summed up |
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Definition
glucose is split into two pyruvate,
makes two NADH and two ATP (net gain) |
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Term
| Talk about the BIG PICTURE of the Citric Acid Cycle summed up |
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Definition
Citric Acid Cycle AKA "Krebs Cycle"
Citrate is broken down, and...
2CO-2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH-2 are formed |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation requires an adequate supply of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Talk about the BIG PICTURE of Oxidative Phosphorylation summed up |
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Definition
Involves the Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis,
cristae of mitochondria,
aerobic,
30-34 net ATP,
NADH and FADH-2 release energy to the electron transport chain that will be forming H2O,
Hydrogen ions travel through ATP synthase from ATP |
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Term
| Explain the roles of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in biosynthesis |
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Definition
| Glycolysis breaks down the 6-carbon molecule pyruvate, while the Krebs Cycles helps break apart acetyl CoA. Both of these help to destruct organic molecules. |
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Term
| Name three ways poisons can interfere with cellular respiration |
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Definition
1. Blocking off the electron transport chain,
2. Poisons inhibiting ATP synthase
3. Uncouplers causing mitochondrion membranes to be leaky (leakage of H+ destroys the concentration gradient) |
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Term
| FAD and NAD+ are made from the B vitamins riboflavin and niacin. Why do you think these substances are required in our diets, and why in small amounts? |
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Definition
| They are both only needed in small amounts because they are each small components of NAD+ and FAH. However, they are needed because without them, NAD+ and FAH would not be able to function and no energy would be produced |
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