Net Changes

Glucose to 2 pyruvate >>> 2 H20

4ATP formed - 2ATP used >>> 2 ATP

2NAD+ + 4e +4H >>> 2 NADH + 2H+

Key Details

Phosphofructokinase= feedback mech. regulates cell respiration

Energy investment= 2ATP + Glucose >>> 2ADP + 2P (several reactions)

Energy payoff =

•4ADP + 4P >>> 4 ATP

•2NAD+ + 4e +4H >>> 2 NADH + 2H+ (very exergonic)

•Substrate level phosphorylation= transfer of P, releases 2 ATP

Occurs after glycolysis and before the Kreb's cycle

In: 2 pyruvate

Out: 2 Acetyl CoA >>> Kreb's Cycle

•2CO2 >>> Excreted

Starts with Acetyl CoA (C2) + Oxaloacetate (C4) >>> Citric Acic (C6)

Objective of each cycle: oxidize citrate, regenerate oxaloacetate

in: acetyl CoA

Out: 2ATP >>> Cell work

2NADH + H+ >>> ETC

2FADH2 >>> ETC

ETC + Chemiosmosis (after Kreb's cycle)

ETC:

• Inner mitochondria membrane (prokaryotes- cytoplasm)

•NADH + H2 +O2 >>> NAD+ + FAD + H2O

•Occurs over many steps

Then, the H+ gradient is made through electrogenic pumps using energy released from the redox reactions

Chemiosmosis= H+ flow through ATP synthase into matrix, energy captured into ATP

Anarobic Respiration

Goals: NADH oxidized, Reduce pyruvate (or its derivative), Regenerate NAD+

Produces: 2 ATP, ethanol + CO2 OR lactic acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation

-bacteria, human mucle cells

Glucose >>> pyruvate >>> lactic acid

• 2ADP >>> 2 ATP, 2NAD+ >>> NADH,