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is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water by 1oC
– This energy is used for body maintenance and for voluntary activities |
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| The enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule |
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| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
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| They form a staircase where the electrons pass from one to the next down the staircase and as electrons are transported down the chain, ATP is generated. |
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Glycolysis begins respiration by breaking glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate
This stage occurs in the cytoplasm |
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The citric acid cycle breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and supplies the third stage with electrons
This stage occurs in the mitochondria |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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During this stage, electrons are shuttled through the electron transport chain
As a result, ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis
This stage occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane |
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The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process.
– The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP synthases and enzymes found in the membrane, and ATP is produced. |
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NADH is oxidized to NAD+ when pyruvate is reduced to lactate
In a sense, pyruvate is serving as an “electron sink,” a place to dispose of the electrons generated by oxidation reactions in glycolysis |
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Yeasts are single-celled fungi that not only can use respiration for energy but can ferment under anaerobic conditions
They convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol while oxidizing NADH back to NAD+ |
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