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| Organisms that make their own food, like plants and algae. |
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| Organisms that depend on other organisms, like humans, animals, fungi, and most bacteria. |
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| Adenosine triphosphate, the "penny" of cellular energy currency, where the smaller, usable unit of energy is stored. |
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Process of absorbing energy and converting it into stored chemical energy, performed by green plants and algae.
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| Adenosine diphosphate, consists of a free phosphate group, and energy. It is ATP minus one phosphate group. |
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| A green pigment that is the primary catalyst of photosynthesis. |
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| While there are at least four different types of chlorophyll, the ones other than Chlorophyll a are classified this. |
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| Step One of Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
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| Glycolysis, the initial breakdown of glucose, turning it into pyruvic acid. It takes place in the Cytoplasm with the aid of enzymes. |
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| Step Two of Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
Citric acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
The stage when Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A, giving off carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and electrons. Coenzyme A is converted to citric acid, which then enter the CAC. It gives off CO2, Hydrogen, and electrons, plus energy enough to form ATP. This occurs in the Mitochondria. |
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| Step Three of Cellular Respiration |
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Hydrogen and Electron Transport System.
-Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria
-ATP is formed from Hydrogens and Electrons.
-The Oxygen combines with the hydrogen and electrons to form water.
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| Acetyl Coenzyme A, produced in the Citric Acid Cycle. |
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| The breakdown of food (usually glucose) without oxygen. There are two types. |
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| When the pyruvic acid molecule is changed to a molecule of ethyl alcohol in a two-step process. One of the Cellular fermentation pathways. |
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| When pyruvic acid takes the hydrogen and electrons from the NADH produced during glycolysis, freeing the transfer molecule to be used again in glycolysis to produce ATP. One of the Cellular Fermentation Pathways. |
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| The sum of all an organism's life processes. |
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| A twisted and looped polypeptide chain of amino acids. |
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| Triplets of bases adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. |
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| The opposite bases of a codon. |
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| Messenger RNA, contains the code for a polypeptide chain of amino acids and carries the code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the code is "read". |
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| About 80 nucleotides long and are formed in the nucleus. It takes a cloverleaf shape. At one loop of this configuration, there are three unattached bases of an anticodon. |
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| Ribosomal RNA, manufactured by the DNA of the nucleus; combines with various proteins in the cytoplasm to form a ribsome. |
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| The actual process of assembling the polypeptide from information coded in the mRNA. |
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| The AUG codon, or Adenine, Uracil, and Guinine. The codes for methionine. Corrusponds with the Anticodon UAC. |
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| Processes that build molecules and store energy |
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| Processes that break molecules down and release energy. |
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| When the materials gained by phagocytosis and pinocytosis are broken down by enzymes. |
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When the enzyme-containing vesicles are fused with the plasma membrane and the enzymes are released outside that cell. The enzymes then digest the food substance.
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| A "remodeling" process carried on by some cells when they form a membrane around a damaged, worn out, or no longer needed cellular structure, and digest that structure. |
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AKA: Light Reactions
Light energy is absorbed by various pigments and is used to energize electrons in a chlorophyll a molecule. the energized electrons leave the chlorophyll a molecule and pass through a series of protein molecules called the electron transport chain, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As the excited electron pass through the electron transport chain, some of their energy is used to form ATP. After an electron has passed through the electron transport chain, it is still highly energized. To capture the remaining energy, the electron binds to a special electron carrier molecule, NADPH, that stores the energy for later use. |
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| The process of splitting a water molecule into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions. |
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| The process of obtaining energy from inorganic chemicals that are broken apart. |
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| The movement of hydrogen ions caused by the concentration gradient. |
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| The enzyme the hydrogen passes through, caused by chemiosmosis. |
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| AKA dark phase; a molecule of carbon dioxide diffuses from the cytoplasm of the cell into the stroma of the chloroplast, where it binds to a RuBP. The energy stored in the ATP and NADPH that was produced earlier is used to produce a PGAL, which are used to make glucose and more RuBP. |
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| Ribulose biphosphate; a 5-carbon sugar that binds when a molecule of carbon dioxide diffuses from the cytoplasm of the cell into the stroma of the chloroplast. |
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| A 3 carbon sugar used to make glucose, formed from the energy stored in ATP and NADPH. |
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| The organic acid formed during photsynthesis; can be used in the different forms of cellular respiration. |
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| The factor that directly affects the rate; in cellular respiration it is oxygen. |
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| Anaerobic Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
| The breakdown of foods to relase energy, without oxygen. |
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| The process of forming messenger RNA from DNA |
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| The rate at which an organism builds substances. |
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| Discovered that living plants add something to the air. |
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| Declared that green plants use water, affect the air, require light, and make organic matter. |
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| Discovered that photosynthesis is actually a series of steps. |
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