Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Energy can be converted between forms but can't be created or destroyed |
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| Entropy, S, of the system must increase for a process to occur spontaneously |
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Term
| What does Gibbs Free Energy represent? |
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Definition
| Total energy available for the system to do work |
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Term
| What are the 2 equations for free energy? What is the equation for standard free energy? |
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Definition
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = ΔG° + RTln ([C][D]/[A][B])
ΔG° = -RTln(Keq) |
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Term
| How can a reaction be coupled? |
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Definition
Through a common intermediate:
A + B -- C + D is coupled to
D + E -- F +G
If the addition of the two reaction has a negative ΔG then the reaction is spontaneous |
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Term
| What bonds are high energy in ATP and why? |
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Definition
Bond between gamma and beta phosphates and between beta and alpha
High Energy:
1. More resonance structures in hydrolyzed form
2. Electrostatic repulsion of negative charges (stored electric potential)
3. Improved solvation effects and increased degrees of freedom of products |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP stored in Phosphagens such as phosphocreatine mediated by creatine kinase. High [ATP] drives reaction toward phosphocretine. Low [ATP] drives reaction back to give more ATP |
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Term
| What does hydrolysis mean? |
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Definition
| Donation of phosphate to water |
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Term
| What is the common intermediate in phosphototransfers involving an enzyme? |
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Definition
| The transition state where both ATP and acceptor are bound in the enzyme, making this complex the intermediate and coupling the reactions |
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Term
| What gives the highest energy for a hydrogen bond? |
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Definition
| co-linear and optimum distance (2-3 Å). Hydrogen bonds are made and broken every 10^-12 seconds. Each water has 4 partners |
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Term
| What are the colligative properties or water? |
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Definition
Properties not dependent on mass or size but concentration of solvents
1. Freezing point depression
2. Boiling point elevation
3. Osmotic pressure
4. Reduced vapor pressure |
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Term
| What drives salts to dissolve in water? |
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Definition
| Entropy is increased when salts are dissolved. Enthaply difference is lessened by formation of H-bonds. Ions become spheres of hydration where point charge is dissipated (molecular basis for dielectric constant D) |
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Term
| What are the two major functions of dielectric constant? |
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Definition
1. carry electrical current
2. Dissolve polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that dissociate in water into a cation and anion |
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Term
| What are weak electrolytes? |
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Definition
| Do not completely dissociate in water (many organic molecules) |
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Term
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Definition
| Kw = K'eq * [H2O] = [H+] + [OH-]= 10^-14 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What form of an acid or base can penetrate cell membranes? |
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Definition
| Non-ionized form. (important for drug absorption) |
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Term
| What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch eqn? |
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Definition
| pH= pKa + log([Base]/[Acid]) |
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Term
| Where is the best buffering range for a particular conjugate pair? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equilibrium equation for CO2 in water? |
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Definition
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-
CO2 can be considered and acid |
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Term
| How do the lungs compensate for metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
| Decrease pCO2 through increase ventilation |
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Term
| What is the general structure of an amino acid? |
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Definition
| α carbon has amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R side change attached to it |
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Term
| What is the R group for Glycine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the R group for alanine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the R group for cysteine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the R group for Serine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the non polar amino acids? |
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Definition
| Methionine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine |
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Term
| What are the polar amino acids? |
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Definition
| Arginine, Lysine, Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Glutamine |
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Term
| What are the acidic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Glutamic acid and aspartic acid? |
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Term
| What are the basic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Histidine, Lysine, Arginine |
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Term
| Which form of the amino acid is found in proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are strongly polar amino acids found and where are hydrophobic amino acids found? |
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Definition
| Polar amino acids found on surface of protein. Hydrophobic amino acids found on interior of protein |
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