Term
True or False
Connective, or supportive, tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Some body cells contain more than one nucleus
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Definition
True
Example: Osteoclasts (a type of bone cell typically containing 12 or more) |
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Term
True or False
Skin is categorized as a type of connective tissue |
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Definition
False
Skin is categorized as a type of epithelial tissue: squamous keratinized |
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Term
True or False
Lysosomes are located within the Golgi apparatus |
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Definition
False
Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus |
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Term
True or False
The process of cell division is also known as mitosis
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the Blank
Between 70% and 85% of a cell's protoplasm consists of |
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the Blank
The main process that occurs in ribosomes is |
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Definition
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Fill in the Blank
Often referrred to as the "power plants" of cell |
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Definition
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Fill in the Blank
Covers the body's outer surface and lines internal closed cavities |
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the Blank
Types of muscle include: smooth, cardiac, and |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When cellular work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number. Causes include: disuse (casting of an extremity), ischemia or decreased blood flow, endocrine hypofunction (post-menopausal women), denervation (paralyzed limb), and inadequate nutrition. Cell size, particularly in muscle tissue, is related to workload. Reduction of oxygen consumption and protein synthesis. Adaptive and reversible, muscle size is restored. |
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Definition
| Cells increase in size to meet increased work demands. As muscle cells hypertrophy, additional actin and myosin filaments, cell enzymes, and adenosine triphoshate (ATP) are synthesized. Occur: normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. Causes may include: weightlifting and hypertension (hypertension places a larger workload on the heart an the heart bulks up in response to the increase in use). Example: if one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| The increase in number of cells. Occurs in cells capable of mitotic division. Controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases after the stimulus has been removed. Stimulus can be physiologic or nonphysiologic. Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory ( breast and uterine enlargment in pregnancy- from estrogen stimulation). Nonphysiologic: excessive hormonal stimulation (excess estrogen can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding). Examples include: wound healing, liver regeneration, warts. |
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Definition
| Cells mutate into cells of different size, shape, and appearance. This is an abnormal state and is usually precancerous. The reproductive and respiratory tracts are most prone to this due to increased exposure to carcinogens (cigarette smoke and HPV). Minor degrees- chronic irritation or inflammation. Pap smear can detect these changes. |
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Definition
| Reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesynchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type. Change in a cell to allow survival. Example: some of these changes are beneficial, while others may be abnormal. These changes may be permanent or reversible. These changes occur as a result of a stimulus and the adaptation will cease once the stimulus is removed. Metaplasia is the process of an adult cell being replaced by another. This change is usually initiated by a chronic irritant or inflammation. If the cell is not capable of living in this environment, it changes to be able to withstand the irritant. Gastric reflux is an example of this: the esophagus reacts to the repeated injury from the acidic fluid by changing the type of cells lining it from squamous (normal cells) to columnar (intestinal-type cells). This transformation is believed to be a protective response because the specialized columnar epithelium is more resistant to injury from acid than the squamous epithelium. |
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Term
True or False
Ultraviolet radiation refers to the spectrum of radiation just above the visible range. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Apoptotic cell death can be characterized as "cell suicide" |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in the number of cells |
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Definition
False
Hypertrophy is an increase in the cell size, where hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. |
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Term
True or False
Cell injury is irreversible |
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Definition
False
Cellular injury can occur in many ways, but is usually reversible. |
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Term
True or False
Papanicolaou (Pap) smears attempt to detect cell atrophy |
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Definition
False
Pap smears attempt to detect dysplasia |
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Term
Fill in the Blank
A decrease in cell size is referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the Blank
Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person is known as |
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Definition
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Fill in the Blank
Results from increased serum calcium levels |
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the Blank
Is characterized by deranged cell growth that results in variations in size and shape. |
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Definition
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Term
Fill in the Blank
Is caused by certain varieties of Clostridium bacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Manifestations of cancer that are related to a site that isn't directly affected by cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. |
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Term
| Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome |
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Definition
| A systemic manifestation of cancer that causes weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal genes that become cancer-causing oncogenes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| This clinical manifestation may relate to blood loss, hemolysis, treatment or impaired RBC production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning stage of cancer when cells are exposed to a carcinogenic agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells are able to adapt to increased work demands or threats to survival by changing their size (atrophy and hypertrophy), number (hyperplasia), and form (metaplasia). Normally occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases once the need for adaptation has ceased. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism. Involves unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity with uncontrolled release of the products of cell death into the extracellular space, and initiation of the inflammatory response. Often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Types of necrosis: liquefaction, caseous, coagulation, and gangrene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not result in cell death. Two patterns: cellular swelling and fatty change. Cellular swelling: occurs with impairment of the energy-dependent Sodium/Potassium-ATPase pump, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury. Fatty changes: intracellular accumulation of fat; reversible, but indicates severe injury; occur in the liver (most fats are synthesized and metabolized), kidneys, heart and other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. Classified as dry or moist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some of the cells die, but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. Example: softening of the center of an abcess with discharge of its contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gray, firm mass. Acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. Hypoxic injury and seen in infarcted areas. Infarction (tissue death) occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood supply exists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cheesy material by infiltration of fatlike substances. Distinctive form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead cells persist indefinitely as soft, cheeselike debris. Most commonly found in the center of tuberculosis granulomas, or tubercles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles, color changes to dark brown or black. Spread is slow. Irritation caused by the dead tissue produces a line of inflammtory reaction (line of demarcation) between the dead tissue of the gangrenous area and the healthy tissue. Usually results from interference with the arterial blood supply to a part without interference with venous return, and is a form of coagulation necrosis. Confined almost exclusively to extremeties. If bacteria invade the necrotic tissue, can be converted to wet gangrene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area is cold, swollen and pulseless. Skin is moist, black and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, foul odor is caused by bacterial action. Spread is rapid. Systemic symptoms are severe and death may occur unless the condition is arrested. Results from interference with venous return from the part. Affect the internal organs or the extremeties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from infection of devitalized tissues by one of several Clostridium bacteria, most commonly Clostridium perfringens. Anaerobic and spore-forming, particularly in soil. Prone to occur in trauma and compound fractures in which dirt and debris are embedded. Species can isolate in the stomach, gallbladder, intestine, vagina and skin of healthy individuals. Bacteria produces toxins that dissolve cell membranes, causing death of muscle cells, massive spreading edema, hemolysis of RBC, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, and renal failure. Bubbles of hydrogen sulfide gas that form in muscle. Serious and potentially fatal. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection and surgery methods are used to remove the infected tissue. Amputation may be required to prevent spreading. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Programmed cell death. Eliminates injured and aged cells, controlling tissue regeneration. Morphologic features and biochemical changes. Physiologic processes: programmed destruction of cells during embryonic development, hormone-dependent involution of tissues, death of immune cells, cell death by cytotoxic T cells, and cell death in proliferating cell populations. Pathologic processess: interference with apoptosis is known to be a mechanism that contributes to carcinogenesis, cell death associated with viral infections (Hep B and C), implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS. Two pathways carried out by proteolytic enzymes called caspases: extrinsic (death receptor dependent; TNF receptors and Fas ligand receptor) and intrinsic (death receptor independent; DNA damage, ROS, hypoxia, decreased ATP levels, cellular senescence, and activation of the p53 protein by DNA damage). |
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Term
| Etiology of Cellular Injury |
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Definition
| Injury from physical agents, radiation, chemical, injury from biologic agents, and injury from nutritional imbalances. |
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Term
| Injury from physical agents |
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Definition
| Mechanical forces, extremes of temperature and electrical injuries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionizing (above UV range), UV (portion of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation just above the visible range), Nonionizing (frequencies below those of visible light- infrared light, ultrasound, microwaves, and laser energy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs, lead toxicity, and mercury toxicity. |
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Term
| Injury from biologic agents |
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Definition
| Able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. |
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Term
| Injury from Nutritional Imbalances |
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Definition
| Nutritional excessess and nutritional deficiencies predispose cells to injury. Obesity and diets high in saturated fats: atherosclerosis. Iron-deficiency anemia, scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra are injuries caused by the lack of specific vitamins or minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of well-differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissues origin and are characterized by a slow, progressive rate of growth that may come to a standstill or regress. Develop a surrounding rim of compressed connective tissue called a fibrous capsule. The capsule is responsible for a sharp line of demarcation between the benign tumor and the adjacent tissues, a factor that facilitates surgical removal. Does not spread by metastasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells are undifferentiated, with atypical structure that often bears little resemblance to cells in the tissue of origin. Rate of growth: variable and depends on level of differentiation; the more undifferentiated the cells, the more rapid the rate of growth. Grows by invasion, sending out processes that infiltrate the surrounding tissues. Gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of the body. Two categories: solid (specific tissue or organ) and hematologic (blood and lymph) cancers. Carcinoma in situ- localized preinvasive lesion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic and molecular mechanisms that are involved and that characterize the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells; external and more contextual factors such as age, heredity and environmental agents that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Some viruses or bacteria, some chemicals, radiation, heredity, diet and hormones. |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Cancer |
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Definition
| Fatigue, anorexia and cachexia (wasting of body fat and muscle tissue), anemia, decreased resitance to infections, and symptoms unrelated to the tumor site. Late stages- pain. Lung cancer: impairment of respiratory function as tumor grows and metastisizes. Colorectal: blood in the stool. Abdominal: compress the viscera and cause bowel obstruction. Development of effusions in the pleural, pericardial or peritoneal spaces- presenting signs. Lung cancer, breast cancer and lymphomas account for 75% of malignant pleural effusions- symtomatic at presentation with chest pain, SOB, and cough. Peritoneal cavity: ovarian cancer, complaints of abdominal discomfort, swelling and feeling of heaviness, and increase in abdominal girth. |
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