Term
| Mendel's law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes---traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another |
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Term
| mendel's law of segregation |
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Definition
| allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization. |
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Term
| 4 main concepts of mendels law of segregation |
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Definition
1. genes can exist in more than 1 form
2. organisms inherit 2 alternate forms of a gene for each trait (one from each parent)...called alleles
3. when gametes (sex cells) are produced, allele pairs separate or segragate leaving them with a single allele for each trait. ie sex cells contain only 1/2 the compliment of genes
4. dominant always masks recessive |
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Term
| relationship genes and proteins |
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Definition
| inherited diseases reflect a patient's inability to make a particular enzyme aka inborn errors of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
-consists of 4 bases (amount of bases always the same in dna)
-polynucleotide, organized into chromosomes
base+sugar=nucleoside
nucleoside+phosphate=nucleotide |
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Term
| bacterial genetic elements |
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Definition
-chromosomes:
1. most often one
2. circular
3. between 0.5-10 million base pairs long
4. organized in a nucleoid
-plasmids (extra chromosomal dna...replicate by themselves)
1. some have several plasmids, some have none.
2. usually circular
3. btwn 1 thousand and 1.5 million base pairs
4. copy number between 1 and 1,000
5. carrying genes for antibiotic resistance
6. toxins
7. carrying info for conjugation
8. not usually required for cell survival
9. cloning |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic cell: around 10,000 replication origins
bacteris: 1-5 origins
-one strand follows each daughter cell |
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Term
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Definition
-dna carries genetic info
-thru transcription the info is copied to rna
-thru translation, the info in rna is translated into a polypeptide chain/protein |
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Term
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Definition
genetic info in the nucleus
-proteins are synthesized on ribosomes in cytoplasm
-alternative of non-specialized ribosomes that translate unstable rna's are called messenger rna |
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Term
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Definition
-transcription factors bind to promoter region
-promoters important regulatory domains
-rna polymerase is recruited w the help of sigma factors
-dna helix is unwound
-promoter is cleared
-transcription begins |
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Term
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Definition
-rna polymerase copies the template strand into a single stranded mrna ==makes an exact copy of the coding strand
-mrna contain the same bases as dna except using uracil in place of thymine |
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Term
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Definition
-rho-independent: transcription stops when the rna molecule forms a g-c rich hairpin loop, followed by a string of u's
-rho-dependent: the protein rho destabilizes the interaction between mrna and template and releases the new mrna
-3 codons are called "stop codons" they code for no amino acid and all protein coding regions end in a stop codon
-when the ribosome reaches a stop codon, release factor proteins bind and cause the ribosome, the mrna and the new polypeptide to separate |
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Term
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Definition
| requires the insertion or deletion of 3 bases |
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Term
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Definition
| -structural rna molecules that transfer the amino acid to the ribosome based on the correct codon use |
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Term
| amino acids & peptide bonds |
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Definition
*there are 20 amino acids-theyre the building blocks to make all proteins
-they all have an amino group (nh2-) on one end, and an acid group (cooh) on the other end
-attached to the central carbon is an R group, which differs for each of the different amino acids.
-when polypeptides are synthesized, the acid group of one amino acid is attached to the amino group of the next amino acid, forming a peptide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| -mrna binds thru the ribosomal binding site |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the dna sequence that may be passed along to future generations |
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Term
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Definition
a single base substitution
-silent mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| injection of dna by phages (bacterial viruses) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell-mediated transfer of host genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
donor dna fragments and binds to surface of bacteria
-dna is imported and becomes single-stranded
-single stranded dna incorporates into host chromosome |
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